ranges_base.h

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// Core concepts and definitions for <ranges> -*- C++ -*-
 
// Copyright (C) 2019-2025 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
// any later version.
 
// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
 
// Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
// permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
// 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
// a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
// see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
// <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
/** @file bits/ranges_base.h
 *  This is an internal header file, included by other library headers.
 *  Do not attempt to use it directly. @headername{ranges}
 */
 
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_RANGES_BASE_H
#define _GLIBCXX_RANGES_BASE_H 1
 
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_SYSHDR
#pragma GCC system_header
#endif
 
#if __cplusplus > 201703L
#include <initializer_list>
#include <bits/stl_iterator.h>
#include <ext/numeric_traits.h>
#include <bits/max_size_type.h>
#include <bits/version.h>
 
#if __glibcxx_containers_ranges // C++ >= 23
# include <bits/utility.h> // for tuple_element_t
#endif
 
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wpedantic" // __int128
 
#if __glibcxx_algorithm_default_value_type // C++ >= 26
# define _GLIBCXX26_RANGE_ALGO_DEF_VAL_T(_I, _P) = projected_value_t<_I, _P>
#else
# define _GLIBCXX26_RANGE_ALGO_DEF_VAL_T(_I, _P)
#endif
 
#ifdef __cpp_lib_concepts
namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
namespace ranges
{
  template<typename>
    inline constexpr bool disable_sized_range = false;
 
  template<typename _Tp>
    inline constexpr bool enable_borrowed_range = false;
 
  namespace __detail
  {
    constexpr __max_size_type
    __to_unsigned_like(__max_size_type __t) noexcept
    { return __t; }
 
    constexpr __max_size_type
    __to_unsigned_like(__max_diff_type __t) noexcept
    { return __max_size_type(__t); }
 
    template<integral _Tp>
      constexpr auto
      __to_unsigned_like(_Tp __t) noexcept
      { return static_cast<make_unsigned_t<_Tp>>(__t); }
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      using __make_unsigned_like_t
        = decltype(__detail::__to_unsigned_like(std::declval<_Tp>()));
 
    // Part of the constraints of ranges::borrowed_range
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __maybe_borrowed_range
        = is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>
          || enable_borrowed_range<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>;
 
  } // namespace __detail
 
  // Namespace for helpers for the <ranges> customization points.
  namespace __access
  {
    using std::ranges::__detail::__maybe_borrowed_range;
    using std::__detail::__range_iter_t;
 
    struct _Begin
    {
    private:
      template<typename _Tp>
        static constexpr bool
        _S_noexcept()
        {
          if constexpr (is_array_v<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>)
            return true;
          else if constexpr (__member_begin<_Tp>)
            return noexcept(_GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(std::declval<_Tp&>().begin()));
          else
            return noexcept(_GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(begin(std::declval<_Tp&>())));
        }
 
    public:
      template<__maybe_borrowed_range _Tp>
        requires is_array_v<remove_reference_t<_Tp>> || __member_begin<_Tp>
          || __adl_begin<_Tp>
        constexpr auto
        operator()[[nodiscard]](_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(_S_noexcept<_Tp&>())
        {
          if constexpr (is_array_v<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>)
            {
              static_assert(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>);
              return __t + 0;
            }
          else if constexpr (__member_begin<_Tp>)
            return __t.begin();
          else
            return begin(__t);
        }
    };
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __member_end = requires(_Tp& __t)
        {
          { _GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(__t.end()) } -> sentinel_for<__range_iter_t<_Tp>>;
        };
 
    // Poison pill so that unqualified lookup doesn't find std::end.
    void end() = delete;
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __adl_end = __class_or_enum<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>
        && requires(_Tp& __t)
        {
          { _GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(end(__t)) } -> sentinel_for<__range_iter_t<_Tp>>;
        };
 
    struct _End
    {
    private:
      template<typename _Tp>
        static constexpr bool
        _S_noexcept()
        {
          if constexpr (is_bounded_array_v<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>)
            return true;
          else if constexpr (__member_end<_Tp>)
            return noexcept(_GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(std::declval<_Tp&>().end()));
          else
            return noexcept(_GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(end(std::declval<_Tp&>())));
        }
 
    public:
      template<__maybe_borrowed_range _Tp>
        requires is_bounded_array_v<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>
          || __member_end<_Tp> || __adl_end<_Tp>
        constexpr auto
        operator()[[nodiscard]](_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(_S_noexcept<_Tp&>())
        {
          if constexpr (is_bounded_array_v<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>)
            {
              static_assert(is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>);
              return __t + extent_v<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>;
            }
          else if constexpr (__member_end<_Tp>)
            return __t.end();
          else
            return end(__t);
        }
    };
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __member_rbegin = requires(_Tp& __t)
        {
          { _GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(__t.rbegin()) } -> input_or_output_iterator;
        };
 
    void rbegin() = delete;
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __adl_rbegin = __class_or_enum<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>
        && requires(_Tp& __t)
        {
          { _GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(rbegin(__t)) } -> input_or_output_iterator;
        };
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __reversable = requires(_Tp& __t)
        {
          { _Begin{}(__t) } -> bidirectional_iterator;
          { _End{}(__t) } -> same_as<decltype(_Begin{}(__t))>;
        };
 
    struct _RBegin
    {
    private:
      template<typename _Tp>
        static constexpr bool
        _S_noexcept()
        {
          if constexpr (__member_rbegin<_Tp>)
            return noexcept(_GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(std::declval<_Tp&>().rbegin()));
          else if constexpr (__adl_rbegin<_Tp>)
            return noexcept(_GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(rbegin(std::declval<_Tp&>())));
          else
            {
              if constexpr (noexcept(_End{}(std::declval<_Tp&>())))
                {
                  using _It = decltype(_End{}(std::declval<_Tp&>()));
                  // std::reverse_iterator copy-initializes its member.
                  return is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_It>;
                }
              else
                return false;
            }
        }
 
    public:
      template<__maybe_borrowed_range _Tp>
        requires __member_rbegin<_Tp> || __adl_rbegin<_Tp> || __reversable<_Tp>
        constexpr auto
        operator()[[nodiscard]](_Tp&& __t) const
        noexcept(_S_noexcept<_Tp&>())
        {
          if constexpr (__member_rbegin<_Tp>)
            return __t.rbegin();
          else if constexpr (__adl_rbegin<_Tp>)
            return rbegin(__t);
          else
            return std::make_reverse_iterator(_End{}(__t));
        }
    };
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __member_rend = requires(_Tp& __t)
        {
          { _GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(__t.rend()) }
            -> sentinel_for<decltype(_RBegin{}(std::forward<_Tp>(__t)))>;
        };
 
    void rend() = delete;
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __adl_rend = __class_or_enum<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>
        && requires(_Tp& __t)
        {
          { _GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(rend(__t)) }
            -> sentinel_for<decltype(_RBegin{}(std::forward<_Tp>(__t)))>;
        };
 
    struct _REnd
    {
    private:
      template<typename _Tp>
        static constexpr bool
        _S_noexcept()
        {
          if constexpr (__member_rend<_Tp>)
            return noexcept(_GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(std::declval<_Tp&>().rend()));
          else if constexpr (__adl_rend<_Tp>)
            return noexcept(_GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(rend(std::declval<_Tp&>())));
          else
            {
              if constexpr (noexcept(_Begin{}(std::declval<_Tp&>())))
                {
                  using _It = decltype(_Begin{}(std::declval<_Tp&>()));
                  // std::reverse_iterator copy-initializes its member.
                  return is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<_It>;
                }
              else
                return false;
            }
        }
 
    public:
      template<__maybe_borrowed_range _Tp>
        requires __member_rend<_Tp> || __adl_rend<_Tp> || __reversable<_Tp>
        constexpr auto
        operator()[[nodiscard]](_Tp&& __t) const
        noexcept(_S_noexcept<_Tp&>())
        {
          if constexpr (__member_rend<_Tp>)
            return __t.rend();
          else if constexpr (__adl_rend<_Tp>)
            return rend(__t);
          else
            return std::make_reverse_iterator(_Begin{}(__t));
        }
    };
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __member_size = !disable_sized_range<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>
        && requires(_Tp& __t)
        {
          { _GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(__t.size()) } -> __detail::__is_integer_like;
        };
 
    void size() = delete;
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __adl_size = __class_or_enum<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>
        && !disable_sized_range<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>
        && requires(_Tp& __t)
        {
          { _GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(size(__t)) } -> __detail::__is_integer_like;
        };
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __sentinel_size = requires(_Tp& __t)
        {
          requires (!is_unbounded_array_v<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>);
 
          { _Begin{}(__t) } -> forward_iterator;
 
          { _End{}(__t) } -> sized_sentinel_for<decltype(_Begin{}(__t))>;
 
          __detail::__to_unsigned_like(_End{}(__t) - _Begin{}(__t));
        };
 
    struct _Size
    {
    private:
      template<typename _Tp>
        static constexpr bool
        _S_noexcept()
        {
          if constexpr (is_bounded_array_v<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>)
            return true;
          else if constexpr (__member_size<_Tp>)
            return noexcept(_GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(std::declval<_Tp&>().size()));
          else if constexpr (__adl_size<_Tp>)
            return noexcept(_GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(size(std::declval<_Tp&>())));
          else if constexpr (__sentinel_size<_Tp>)
            return noexcept(_End{}(std::declval<_Tp&>())
                            - _Begin{}(std::declval<_Tp&>()));
        }
 
    public:
      template<typename _Tp>
        requires is_bounded_array_v<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>
          || __member_size<_Tp> || __adl_size<_Tp> || __sentinel_size<_Tp>
        constexpr auto
        operator()[[nodiscard]](_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(_S_noexcept<_Tp&>())
        {
          if constexpr (is_bounded_array_v<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>)
            return extent_v<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>;
          else if constexpr (__member_size<_Tp>)
            return __t.size();
          else if constexpr (__adl_size<_Tp>)
            return size(__t);
          else if constexpr (__sentinel_size<_Tp>)
            return __detail::__to_unsigned_like(_End{}(__t) - _Begin{}(__t));
        }
    };
 
    struct _SSize
    {
      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // 3403. Domain of ranges::ssize(E) doesn't match ranges::size(E)
      template<typename _Tp>
        requires requires (_Tp& __t) { _Size{}(__t); }
        constexpr auto
        operator()[[nodiscard]](_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(noexcept(_Size{}(__t)))
        {
          auto __size = _Size{}(__t);
          using __size_type = decltype(__size);
          // Return the wider of ptrdiff_t and make-signed-like-t<__size_type>.
          if constexpr (integral<__size_type>)
            {
              using __gnu_cxx::__int_traits;
              if constexpr (__int_traits<__size_type>::__digits
                            < __int_traits<ptrdiff_t>::__digits)
                return static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(__size);
              else
                return static_cast<make_signed_t<__size_type>>(__size);
            }
          else // Must be one of __max_diff_type or __max_size_type.
            return __detail::__max_diff_type(__size);
        }
    };
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __member_empty = requires(_Tp& __t) { bool(__t.empty()); };
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __size0_empty = requires(_Tp& __t) { _Size{}(__t) == 0; };
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __eq_iter_empty = requires(_Tp& __t)
        {
          requires (!is_unbounded_array_v<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>);
 
          { _Begin{}(__t) } -> forward_iterator;
 
          bool(_Begin{}(__t) == _End{}(__t));
        };
 
    struct _Empty
    {
    private:
      template<typename _Tp>
        static constexpr bool
        _S_noexcept()
        {
          if constexpr (__member_empty<_Tp>)
            return noexcept(bool(std::declval<_Tp&>().empty()));
          else if constexpr (__size0_empty<_Tp>)
            return noexcept(_Size{}(std::declval<_Tp&>()) == 0);
          else
            return noexcept(bool(_Begin{}(std::declval<_Tp&>())
                == _End{}(std::declval<_Tp&>())));
        }
 
    public:
      template<typename _Tp>
        requires __member_empty<_Tp> || __size0_empty<_Tp>
          || __eq_iter_empty<_Tp>
        constexpr bool
        operator()[[nodiscard]](_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(_S_noexcept<_Tp&>())
        {
          if constexpr (__member_empty<_Tp>)
            return bool(__t.empty());
          else if constexpr (__size0_empty<_Tp>)
            return _Size{}(__t) == 0;
          else
            return bool(_Begin{}(__t) == _End{}(__t));
        }
    };
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __pointer_to_object = is_pointer_v<_Tp>
                                    && is_object_v<remove_pointer_t<_Tp>>;
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __member_data = requires(_Tp& __t)
        {
          { _GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(__t.data()) } -> __pointer_to_object;
        };
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __begin_data = contiguous_iterator<__range_iter_t<_Tp>>;
 
    struct _Data
    {
    private:
      template<typename _Tp>
        static constexpr bool
        _S_noexcept()
        {
          if constexpr (__member_data<_Tp>)
            return noexcept(_GLIBCXX_AUTO_CAST(std::declval<_Tp&>().data()));
          else
            return noexcept(_Begin{}(std::declval<_Tp&>()));
        }
 
    public:
      template<__maybe_borrowed_range _Tp>
        requires __member_data<_Tp> || __begin_data<_Tp>
        constexpr auto
        operator()[[nodiscard]](_Tp&& __t) const noexcept(_S_noexcept<_Tp>())
        {
          if constexpr (__member_data<_Tp>)
            return __t.data();
          else
            return std::to_address(_Begin{}(__t));
        }
    };
 
  } // namespace __access
 
  inline namespace _Cpo
  {
    inline constexpr ranges::__access::_Begin begin{};
    inline constexpr ranges::__access::_End end{};
    inline constexpr ranges::__access::_RBegin rbegin{};
    inline constexpr ranges::__access::_REnd rend{};
    inline constexpr ranges::__access::_Size size{};
    inline constexpr ranges::__access::_SSize ssize{};
    inline constexpr ranges::__access::_Empty empty{};
    inline constexpr ranges::__access::_Data data{};
  }
 
  /// [range.range] The range concept.
  template<typename _Tp>
    concept range = requires(_Tp& __t)
      {
        ranges::begin(__t);
        ranges::end(__t);
      };
 
  /// [range.range] The borrowed_range concept.
  template<typename _Tp>
    concept borrowed_range
      = range<_Tp> && __detail::__maybe_borrowed_range<_Tp>;
 
  template<typename _Tp>
    using iterator_t = std::__detail::__range_iter_t<_Tp>;
 
  template<range _Range>
    using sentinel_t = decltype(ranges::end(std::declval<_Range&>()));
 
#if __glibcxx_ranges_as_const // >= C++23
  template<range _Range>
    using const_iterator_t = const_iterator<iterator_t<_Range>>;
 
  template<range _Range>
    using const_sentinel_t = const_sentinel<sentinel_t<_Range>>;
 
  template<range _Range>
    using range_const_reference_t = iter_const_reference_t<iterator_t<_Range>>;
#endif
 
  template<range _Range>
    using range_difference_t = iter_difference_t<iterator_t<_Range>>;
 
  template<range _Range>
    using range_value_t = iter_value_t<iterator_t<_Range>>;
 
  template<range _Range>
    using range_reference_t = iter_reference_t<iterator_t<_Range>>;
 
  template<range _Range>
    using range_rvalue_reference_t
      = iter_rvalue_reference_t<iterator_t<_Range>>;
 
  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
  // 3860. range_common_reference_t is missing
  template<range _Range>
    using range_common_reference_t
      = iter_common_reference_t<iterator_t<_Range>>;
 
  /// [range.sized] The sized_range concept.
  template<typename _Tp>
    concept sized_range = range<_Tp>
      && requires(_Tp& __t) { ranges::size(__t); };
 
  template<sized_range _Range>
    using range_size_t = decltype(ranges::size(std::declval<_Range&>()));
 
  template<typename _Derived>
    requires is_class_v<_Derived> && same_as<_Derived, remove_cv_t<_Derived>>
    class view_interface; // defined in <bits/ranges_util.h>
 
  namespace __detail
  {
    template<typename _Tp, typename _Up>
      requires (!same_as<_Tp, view_interface<_Up>>)
      void __is_derived_from_view_interface_fn(const _Tp&,
                                               const view_interface<_Up>&); // not defined
 
    // Returns true iff _Tp has exactly one public base class that's a
    // specialization of view_interface.
    template<typename _Tp>
      concept __is_derived_from_view_interface
        = requires (_Tp __t) { __is_derived_from_view_interface_fn(__t, __t); };
  } // namespace __detail
 
  /// [range.view] The ranges::view_base type.
  struct view_base { };
 
  /// [range.view] The ranges::enable_view boolean.
  template<typename _Tp>
    inline constexpr bool enable_view = derived_from<_Tp, view_base>
      || __detail::__is_derived_from_view_interface<_Tp>;
 
  /// [range.view] The ranges::view concept.
  template<typename _Tp>
    concept view
      = range<_Tp> && movable<_Tp> && enable_view<_Tp>;
 
  // [range.refinements]
 
  /// A range for which ranges::begin returns an output iterator.
  template<typename _Range, typename _Tp>
    concept output_range
      = range<_Range> && output_iterator<iterator_t<_Range>, _Tp>;
 
  /// A range for which ranges::begin returns an input iterator.
  template<typename _Tp>
    concept input_range = range<_Tp> && input_iterator<iterator_t<_Tp>>;
 
  /// A range for which ranges::begin returns a forward iterator.
  template<typename _Tp>
    concept forward_range
      = input_range<_Tp> && forward_iterator<iterator_t<_Tp>>;
 
  /// A range for which ranges::begin returns a bidirectional iterator.
  template<typename _Tp>
    concept bidirectional_range
      = forward_range<_Tp> && bidirectional_iterator<iterator_t<_Tp>>;
 
  /// A range for which ranges::begin returns a random access iterator.
  template<typename _Tp>
    concept random_access_range
      = bidirectional_range<_Tp> && random_access_iterator<iterator_t<_Tp>>;
 
  /// A range for which ranges::begin returns a contiguous iterator.
  template<typename _Tp>
    concept contiguous_range
      = random_access_range<_Tp> && contiguous_iterator<iterator_t<_Tp>>
      && requires(_Tp& __t)
      {
        { ranges::data(__t) } -> same_as<add_pointer_t<range_reference_t<_Tp>>>;
      };
 
  /// A range for which ranges::begin and ranges::end return the same type.
  template<typename _Tp>
    concept common_range
      = range<_Tp> && same_as<iterator_t<_Tp>, sentinel_t<_Tp>>;
 
#if __glibcxx_ranges_as_const // >= C++23
  template<typename _Tp>
    concept constant_range
      = input_range<_Tp> && std::__detail::__constant_iterator<iterator_t<_Tp>>;
#endif
 
  namespace __access
  {
#if __glibcxx_ranges_as_const // >= C++23
    template<input_range _Range>
      constexpr auto&
      __possibly_const_range(_Range& __r) noexcept
      {
        // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
        // 4027. possibly-const-range should prefer returning const R&
        if constexpr (input_range<const _Range>)
          return const_cast<const _Range&>(__r);
        else
          return __r;
      }
#else
    // If _To is an lvalue-reference, return const _Tp&, otherwise const _Tp&&.
    template<typename _To, typename _Tp>
      constexpr decltype(auto)
      __as_const(_Tp& __t) noexcept
      {
        static_assert(std::is_same_v<_To&, _Tp&>);
 
        if constexpr (is_lvalue_reference_v<_To>)
          return const_cast<const _Tp&>(__t);
        else
          return static_cast<const _Tp&&>(__t);
      }
#endif
 
    struct _CBegin
    {
#if __glibcxx_ranges_as_const // >= C++23
      template<__maybe_borrowed_range _Tp>
        [[nodiscard]]
        constexpr auto
        operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
        noexcept(noexcept(std::make_const_iterator
                          (ranges::begin(__access::__possibly_const_range(__t)))))
        requires requires { std::make_const_iterator
                            (ranges::begin(__access::__possibly_const_range(__t))); }
        {
          auto& __r = __access::__possibly_const_range(__t);
          return const_iterator_t<decltype(__r)>(ranges::begin(__r));
        }
#else
      template<typename _Tp>
        [[nodiscard]]
        constexpr auto
        operator()(_Tp&& __e) const
        noexcept(noexcept(_Begin{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e))))
        requires requires { _Begin{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e)); }
        {
          return _Begin{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e));
        }
#endif
    };
 
    struct _CEnd final
    {
#if __glibcxx_ranges_as_const // >= C++23
      template<__maybe_borrowed_range _Tp>
        [[nodiscard]]
        constexpr auto
        operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
        noexcept(noexcept(std::make_const_sentinel
                          (ranges::end(__access::__possibly_const_range(__t)))))
        requires requires { std::make_const_sentinel
                            (ranges::end(__access::__possibly_const_range(__t))); }
        {
          auto& __r = __access::__possibly_const_range(__t);
          return const_sentinel_t<decltype(__r)>(ranges::end(__r));
        }
#else
      template<typename _Tp>
        [[nodiscard]]
        constexpr auto
        operator()(_Tp&& __e) const
        noexcept(noexcept(_End{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e))))
        requires requires { _End{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e)); }
        {
          return _End{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e));
        }
#endif
    };
 
    struct _CRBegin
    {
#if __glibcxx_ranges_as_const // >= C++23
      template<__maybe_borrowed_range _Tp>
        [[nodiscard]]
        constexpr auto
        operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
        noexcept(noexcept(std::make_const_iterator
                          (ranges::rbegin(__access::__possibly_const_range(__t)))))
        requires requires { std::make_const_iterator
                            (ranges::rbegin(__access::__possibly_const_range(__t))); }
        {
          auto& __r = __access::__possibly_const_range(__t);
          return const_iterator<decltype(ranges::rbegin(__r))>(ranges::rbegin(__r));
        }
#else
      template<typename _Tp>
        [[nodiscard]]
        constexpr auto
        operator()(_Tp&& __e) const
        noexcept(noexcept(_RBegin{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e))))
        requires requires { _RBegin{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e)); }
        {
          return _RBegin{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e));
        }
#endif
    };
 
    struct _CREnd
    {
#if __glibcxx_ranges_as_const // >= C++23
      template<__maybe_borrowed_range _Tp>
        [[nodiscard]]
        constexpr auto
        operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
        noexcept(noexcept(std::make_const_sentinel
                          (ranges::rend(__access::__possibly_const_range(__t)))))
        requires requires { std::make_const_sentinel
                            (ranges::rend(__access::__possibly_const_range(__t))); }
        {
          auto& __r = __access::__possibly_const_range(__t);
          return const_sentinel<decltype(ranges::rend(__r))>(ranges::rend(__r));
        }
#else
      template<typename _Tp>
        [[nodiscard]]
        constexpr auto
        operator()(_Tp&& __e) const
        noexcept(noexcept(_REnd{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e))))
        requires requires { _REnd{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e)); }
        {
          return _REnd{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e));
        }
#endif
    };
 
    struct _CData
    {
#if __glibcxx_ranges_as_const // >= C++23
      template<__maybe_borrowed_range _Tp>
        [[nodiscard]]
        constexpr const auto*
        operator()(_Tp&& __t) const
        noexcept(noexcept(ranges::data(__access::__possibly_const_range(__t))))
        requires requires { ranges::data(__access::__possibly_const_range(__t)); }
        { return ranges::data(__access::__possibly_const_range(__t)); }
#else
      template<typename _Tp>
        [[nodiscard]]
        constexpr auto
        operator()(_Tp&& __e) const
        noexcept(noexcept(_Data{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e))))
        requires requires { _Data{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e)); }
        {
          return _Data{}(__access::__as_const<_Tp>(__e));
        }
#endif
    };
  } // namespace __access
 
  inline namespace _Cpo
  {
    inline constexpr ranges::__access::_CBegin cbegin{};
    inline constexpr ranges::__access::_CEnd cend{};
    inline constexpr ranges::__access::_CRBegin crbegin{};
    inline constexpr ranges::__access::_CREnd crend{};
    inline constexpr ranges::__access::_CData cdata{};
  }
 
  namespace __detail
  {
    template<typename _Tp>
      inline constexpr bool __is_initializer_list = false;
 
    template<typename _Tp>
      inline constexpr bool __is_initializer_list<initializer_list<_Tp>> = true;
  } // namespace __detail
 
  /// A range which can be safely converted to a view.
  template<typename _Tp>
    concept viewable_range = range<_Tp>
      && ((view<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>> && constructible_from<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>, _Tp>)
          || (!view<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>
              && (is_lvalue_reference_v<_Tp>
                  || (movable<remove_reference_t<_Tp>>
                      && !__detail::__is_initializer_list<remove_cvref_t<_Tp>>))));
 
  // [range.iter.ops] range iterator operations
 
  struct __advance_fn final
  {
    template<input_or_output_iterator _It>
      constexpr void
      operator()(_It& __it, iter_difference_t<_It> __n) const
      {
        if constexpr (random_access_iterator<_It>)
          __it += __n;
        else if constexpr (bidirectional_iterator<_It>)
          {
            if (__n > 0)
              {
                do
                  {
                    ++__it;
                  }
                while (--__n);
              }
            else if (__n < 0)
              {
                do
                  {
                    --__it;
                  }
                while (++__n);
              }
          }
        else
          {
            // cannot decrement a non-bidirectional iterator
            __glibcxx_assert(__n >= 0);
            while (__n-- > 0)
              ++__it;
          }
      }
 
    template<input_or_output_iterator _It, sentinel_for<_It> _Sent>
      constexpr void
      operator()(_It& __it, _Sent __bound) const
      {
        if constexpr (assignable_from<_It&, _Sent>)
          __it = std::move(__bound);
        else if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _It>)
          (*this)(__it, __bound - __it);
        else
          {
            while (__it != __bound)
              ++__it;
          }
      }
 
    template<input_or_output_iterator _It, sentinel_for<_It> _Sent>
      constexpr iter_difference_t<_It>
      operator()(_It& __it, iter_difference_t<_It> __n, _Sent __bound) const
      {
        if constexpr (sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _It>)
          {
            const iter_difference_t<_It> __diff = __bound - __it;
 
            if (__diff == 0)
              {
                // inline any possible side effects of advance(it, bound)
                if constexpr (assignable_from<_It&, _Sent>)
                  __it = std::move(__bound);
                else if constexpr (random_access_iterator<_It>)
                  __it += 0;
                return __n;
              }
            else if (__diff > 0 ? __n >= __diff : __n <= __diff)
              {
                (*this)(__it, __bound);
                return __n - __diff;
              }
            else if (__n != 0) [[likely]]
              {
                // n and bound must not lead in opposite directions:
                __glibcxx_assert((__n < 0) == (__diff < 0));
 
                (*this)(__it, __n);
                return 0;
              }
            else
              {
                // inline any possible side effects of advance(it, n)
                if constexpr (random_access_iterator<_It>)
                  __it += 0;
                return 0;
              }
          }
        else if (__n == 0 || __it == __bound)
          return __n;
        else if (__n > 0)
          {
            iter_difference_t<_It> __m = 0;
            do
              {
                ++__it;
                ++__m;
              }
            while (__m != __n && __it != __bound);
            return __n - __m;
          }
        else if constexpr (bidirectional_iterator<_It> && same_as<_It, _Sent>)
          {
            iter_difference_t<_It> __m = 0;
            do
              {
                --__it;
                --__m;
              }
            while (__m != __n && __it != __bound);
            return __n - __m;
          }
        else
          {
            // cannot decrement a non-bidirectional iterator
            __glibcxx_assert(__n >= 0);
            return __n;
          }
      }
 
    void operator&() const = delete;
  };
 
  inline constexpr __advance_fn advance{};
 
  struct __distance_fn final
  {
    // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
    // 3664. LWG 3392 broke std::ranges::distance(a, a+3)
    template<typename _It, sentinel_for<_It> _Sent>
      requires (!sized_sentinel_for<_Sent, _It>)
      constexpr iter_difference_t<_It>
      operator()[[nodiscard]](_It __first, _Sent __last) const
      {
        iter_difference_t<_It> __n = 0;
        while (__first != __last)
          {
            ++__first;
            ++__n;
          }
        return __n;
      }
 
    template<typename _It, sized_sentinel_for<decay_t<_It>> _Sent>
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr iter_difference_t<decay_t<_It>>
      operator()(_It&& __first, _Sent __last) const
      { return __last - static_cast<const decay_t<_It>&>(__first); }
 
    template<range _Range>
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr range_difference_t<_Range>
      operator()(_Range&& __r) const
      {
        if constexpr (sized_range<_Range>)
          return static_cast<range_difference_t<_Range>>(ranges::size(__r));
        else
          return (*this)(ranges::begin(__r), ranges::end(__r));
      }
 
    void operator&() const = delete;
  };
 
  inline constexpr __distance_fn distance{};
 
  struct __next_fn final
  {
    template<input_or_output_iterator _It>
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr _It
      operator()(_It __x) const
      {
        ++__x;
        return __x;
      }
 
    template<input_or_output_iterator _It>
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr _It
      operator()(_It __x, iter_difference_t<_It> __n) const
      {
        ranges::advance(__x, __n);
        return __x;
      }
 
    template<input_or_output_iterator _It, sentinel_for<_It> _Sent>
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr _It
      operator()(_It __x, _Sent __bound) const
      {
        ranges::advance(__x, __bound);
        return __x;
      }
 
    template<input_or_output_iterator _It, sentinel_for<_It> _Sent>
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr _It
      operator()(_It __x, iter_difference_t<_It> __n, _Sent __bound) const
      {
        ranges::advance(__x, __n, __bound);
        return __x;
      }
 
    void operator&() const = delete;
  };
 
  inline constexpr __next_fn next{};
 
  struct __prev_fn final
  {
    template<bidirectional_iterator _It>
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr _It
      operator()(_It __x) const
      {
        --__x;
        return __x;
      }
 
    template<bidirectional_iterator _It>
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr _It
      operator()(_It __x, iter_difference_t<_It> __n) const
      {
        ranges::advance(__x, -__n);
        return __x;
      }
 
    template<bidirectional_iterator _It>
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr _It
      operator()(_It __x, iter_difference_t<_It> __n, _It __bound) const
      {
        ranges::advance(__x, -__n, __bound);
        return __x;
      }
 
    void operator&() const = delete;
  };
 
  inline constexpr __prev_fn prev{};
 
  /// Type returned by algorithms instead of a dangling iterator or subrange.
  struct dangling
  {
    constexpr dangling() noexcept = default;
    template<typename... _Args>
      constexpr dangling(_Args&&...) noexcept { }
  };
 
  template<range _Range>
    using borrowed_iterator_t = __conditional_t<borrowed_range<_Range>,
                                                iterator_t<_Range>,
                                                dangling>;
} // namespace ranges
 
#if __glibcxx_ranges_to_container // C++ >= 23
  struct from_range_t { explicit from_range_t() = default; };
  inline constexpr from_range_t from_range{};
#endif
 
#if __glibcxx_containers_ranges // C++ >= 23
/// @cond undocumented
  template<typename _T1, typename _T2>
    struct pair;
 
namespace __detail
{
  template<typename _Rg, typename _Tp>
    concept __container_compatible_range
      = ranges::input_range<_Rg>
          && convertible_to<ranges::range_reference_t<_Rg>, _Tp>;
 
  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
  // 4223. Deduction guides for maps are mishandling tuples and references
  template<ranges::input_range _Range>
    using __range_key_type
      = remove_cvref_t<tuple_element_t<0, ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>>;
 
  template<ranges::input_range _Range>
    using __range_mapped_type
      = remove_cvref_t<tuple_element_t<1, ranges::range_value_t<_Range>>>;
 
  // The allocator's value_type for map-like containers.
  template<ranges::input_range _Range>
    using __range_to_alloc_type
      = pair<const __range_key_type<_Range>, __range_mapped_type<_Range>>;
}
/// @endcond
#endif
 
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace std
#endif // library concepts
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif // C++20
#endif // _GLIBCXX_RANGES_BASE_H