basic_string.h

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// Components for manipulating sequences of characters -*- C++ -*-
 
// Copyright (C) 1997-2026 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
// any later version.
 
// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
 
// Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
// permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
// 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
// a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
// see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
// <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
/** @file bits/basic_string.h
 *  This is an internal header file, included by other library headers.
 *  Do not attempt to use it directly. @headername{string}
 */
 
//
// ISO C++ 14882: 21 Strings library
//
 
#ifndef _BASIC_STRING_H
#define _BASIC_STRING_H 1
 
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_SYSHDR
#pragma GCC system_header
#endif
 
#include <ext/alloc_traits.h>
#include <debug/debug.h>
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
#include <initializer_list>
#endif
 
#include <bits/version.h>
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
# include <string_view>
#endif
 
#if __glibcxx_containers_ranges // C++ >= 23
# include <bits/ranges_algobase.h>      // ranges::copy
# include <bits/ranges_util.h>          // ranges::subrange
#endif
 
#if __cplusplus > 202302L
# include <charconv>
#endif
 
 
#if ! _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI
# include "cow_string.h"
#else
 
namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CXX11
 
  /**
   *  @class basic_string basic_string.h <string>
   *  @brief  Managing sequences of characters and character-like objects.
   *
   *  @ingroup strings
   *  @ingroup sequences
   *  @headerfile string
   *  @since C++98
   *
   *  @tparam _CharT  Type of character
   *  @tparam _Traits  Traits for character type, defaults to
   *                   char_traits<_CharT>.
   *  @tparam _Alloc  Allocator type, defaults to allocator<_CharT>.
   *
   *  Meets the requirements of a <a href="tables.html#65">container</a>, a
   *  <a href="tables.html#66">reversible container</a>, and a
   *  <a href="tables.html#67">sequence</a>.  Of the
   *  <a href="tables.html#68">optional sequence requirements</a>, only
   *  @c push_back, @c at, and @c %array access are supported.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    class basic_string
    {
#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
      static_assert(is_trivially_copyable_v<_CharT>
          && is_trivially_default_constructible_v<_CharT>
          && is_standard_layout_v<_CharT>);
      static_assert(is_same_v<_CharT, typename _Traits::char_type>);
      static_assert(is_same_v<_CharT, typename _Alloc::value_type>);
      using _Char_alloc_type = _Alloc;
#else
      typedef typename __gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<_Alloc>::template
        rebind<_CharT>::other _Char_alloc_type;
#endif
 
      typedef __gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<_Char_alloc_type> _Alloc_traits;
 
      // Types:
    public:
      typedef _Traits                                   traits_type;
      typedef typename _Traits::char_type               value_type;
      typedef _Char_alloc_type                          allocator_type;
      typedef typename _Alloc_traits::size_type         size_type;
      typedef typename _Alloc_traits::difference_type   difference_type;
      typedef typename _Alloc_traits::reference         reference;
      typedef typename _Alloc_traits::const_reference   const_reference;
      typedef typename _Alloc_traits::pointer           pointer;
      typedef typename _Alloc_traits::const_pointer     const_pointer;
      typedef __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<pointer, basic_string>  iterator;
      typedef __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<const_pointer, basic_string>
                                                        const_iterator;
      typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>        const_reverse_iterator;
      typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator>            reverse_iterator;
 
      ///  Value returned by various member functions when they fail.
      static const size_type    npos = static_cast<size_type>(-1);
 
    protected:
      // type used for positions in insert, erase etc.
#if __cplusplus < 201103L
      typedef iterator __const_iterator;
#else
      typedef const_iterator __const_iterator;
#endif
 
    private:
      static _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR pointer
      _S_allocate(_Char_alloc_type& __a, size_type __n)
      {
        pointer __p = _Alloc_traits::allocate(__a, __n);
#if __glibcxx_constexpr_string >= 201907L
        // std::char_traits begins the lifetime of characters,
        // but custom traits might not, so do it here.
        if constexpr (!is_same_v<_Traits, char_traits<_CharT>>)
          if (std::__is_constant_evaluated())
            // Begin the lifetime of characters in allocated storage.
            for (size_type __i = 0; __i < __n; ++__i)
              std::construct_at(__builtin_addressof(__p[__i]));
#endif
        return __p;
      }
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      // A helper type for avoiding boiler-plate.
      typedef basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __sv_type;
 
      template<typename _Tp, typename _Res>
        using _If_sv = enable_if_t<
          __and_<is_convertible<const _Tp&, __sv_type>,
                 __not_<is_convertible<const _Tp*, const basic_string*>>,
                 __not_<is_convertible<const _Tp&, const _CharT*>>>::value,
          _Res>;
 
      // Allows an implicit conversion to __sv_type.
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      static __sv_type
      _S_to_string_view(__sv_type __svt) noexcept
      { return __svt; }
 
      // Wraps a string_view by explicit conversion and thus
      // allows to add an internal constructor that does not
      // participate in overload resolution when a string_view
      // is provided.
      struct __sv_wrapper
      {
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR explicit
        __sv_wrapper(__sv_type __sv) noexcept : _M_sv(__sv) { }
 
        __sv_type _M_sv;
      };
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Only internally used: Construct string from a string view
       *          wrapper.
       *  @param  __svw  string view wrapper.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      explicit
      basic_string(__sv_wrapper __svw, const _Alloc& __a)
      : basic_string(__svw._M_sv.data(), __svw._M_sv.size(), __a) { }
#endif
 
      // Use empty-base optimization: http://www.cantrip.org/emptyopt.html
      struct _Alloc_hider : allocator_type // TODO check __is_final
      {
#if __cplusplus < 201103L
        _Alloc_hider(pointer __dat, const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
        : allocator_type(__a), _M_p(__dat) { }
#else
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _Alloc_hider(pointer __dat, const _Alloc& __a)
        : allocator_type(__a), _M_p(__dat) { }
 
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _Alloc_hider(pointer __dat, _Alloc&& __a = _Alloc())
        : allocator_type(std::move(__a)), _M_p(__dat) { }
#endif
 
        pointer _M_p; // The actual data.
      };
 
      _Alloc_hider      _M_dataplus;
      size_type         _M_string_length;
 
      enum { _S_local_capacity = 15 / sizeof(_CharT) };
 
      union
      {
        _CharT           _M_local_buf[_S_local_capacity + 1];
        size_type        _M_allocated_capacity;
      };
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      _M_data(pointer __p)
      { _M_dataplus._M_p = __p; }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      _M_length(size_type __length)
      { _M_string_length = __length; }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      pointer
      _M_data() const
      { return _M_dataplus._M_p; }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      pointer
      _M_local_data()
      {
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
        return std::pointer_traits<pointer>::pointer_to(*_M_local_buf);
#else
        return pointer(_M_local_buf);
#endif
      }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const_pointer
      _M_local_data() const
      {
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
        return std::pointer_traits<const_pointer>::pointer_to(*_M_local_buf);
#else
        return const_pointer(_M_local_buf);
#endif
      }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      _M_capacity(size_type __capacity)
      { _M_allocated_capacity = __capacity; }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      _M_set_length(size_type __n)
      {
        traits_type::assign(_M_data()[__n], _CharT());
        _M_length(__n);
      }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      bool
      _M_is_local() const
      {
        if (_M_data() == _M_local_data())
          {
            if (_M_string_length > _S_local_capacity)
              __builtin_unreachable();
            return true;
          }
        return false;
      }
 
      // Create & Destroy
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      pointer
      _M_create(size_type&, size_type);
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      _M_dispose()
      {
        if (!_M_is_local())
          _M_destroy(_M_allocated_capacity);
      }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      _M_destroy(size_type __size) throw()
      { _Alloc_traits::deallocate(_M_get_allocator(), _M_data(), __size + 1); }
 
#if __cplusplus < 201103L || defined _GLIBCXX_DEFINING_STRING_INSTANTIATIONS
      // _M_construct_aux is used to implement the 21.3.1 para 15 which
      // requires special behaviour if _InIterator is an integral type
      template<typename _InIterator>
        void
        _M_construct_aux(_InIterator __beg, _InIterator __end,
                         std::__false_type)
        {
          typedef typename iterator_traits<_InIterator>::iterator_category _Tag;
          _M_construct(__beg, __end, _Tag());
        }
 
      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // 438. Ambiguity in the "do the right thing" clause
      template<typename _Integer>
        void
        _M_construct_aux(_Integer __beg, _Integer __end, std::__true_type)
        { _M_construct_aux_2(static_cast<size_type>(__beg), __end); }
 
      void
      _M_construct_aux_2(size_type __req, _CharT __c)
      { _M_construct(__req, __c); }
#endif
 
      // For Input Iterators, used in istreambuf_iterators, etc.
      template<typename _InIterator>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        void
        _M_construct(_InIterator __beg, _InIterator __end,
                     std::input_iterator_tag);
 
      // For forward_iterators up to random_access_iterators, used for
      // string::iterator, _CharT*, etc.
      template<typename _FwdIterator>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        void
        _M_construct(_FwdIterator __beg, _FwdIterator __end,
                     std::forward_iterator_tag);
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      _M_construct(size_type __req, _CharT __c);
 
      // Construct using block of memory of known size.
      // If _Terminated is true assume that source is already 0 terminated.
      template<bool _Terminated>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        void
        _M_construct(const _CharT *__c, size_type __n);
 
#if __cplusplus >= 202302L
      constexpr void
      _M_construct(basic_string&& __str, size_type __pos,  size_type __n);
#endif
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      allocator_type&
      _M_get_allocator()
      { return _M_dataplus; }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const allocator_type&
      _M_get_allocator() const
      { return _M_dataplus; }
 
      // Ensure that _M_local_buf is the active member of the union.
      __attribute__((__always_inline__))
      _GLIBCXX14_CONSTEXPR
      void
      _M_init_local_buf() _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
#if __glibcxx_is_constant_evaluated
        if (std::is_constant_evaluated())
          for (size_type __i = 0; __i <= _S_local_capacity; ++__i)
            _M_local_buf[__i] = _CharT();
#endif
      }
 
      __attribute__((__always_inline__))
      _GLIBCXX14_CONSTEXPR
      pointer
      _M_use_local_data() _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
#if __cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated
        _M_init_local_buf();
#endif
        return _M_local_data();
      }
 
    private:
 
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_DISAMBIGUATE_REPLACE_INST
      // The explicit instantiations in misc-inst.cc require this due to
      // https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=64063
      template<typename _Tp, bool _Requires =
               !__are_same<_Tp, _CharT*>::__value
               && !__are_same<_Tp, const _CharT*>::__value
               && !__are_same<_Tp, iterator>::__value
               && !__are_same<_Tp, const_iterator>::__value>
        struct __enable_if_not_native_iterator
        { typedef basic_string& __type; };
      template<typename _Tp>
        struct __enable_if_not_native_iterator<_Tp, false> { };
#endif
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      _M_check(size_type __pos, const char* __s) const
      {
        if (__pos > this->size())
          __throw_out_of_range_fmt(__N("%s: __pos (which is %zu) > "
                                       "this->size() (which is %zu)"),
                                   __s, (size_t)__pos, (size_t)this->size());
        return __pos;
      }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      _M_check_length(size_type __n1, size_type __n2, const char* __s) const
      {
        if (this->max_size() - (this->size() - __n1) < __n2)
          __throw_length_error(__N(__s));
      }
 
 
      // NB: _M_limit doesn't check for a bad __pos value.
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      _M_limit(size_type __pos, size_type __off) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        const bool __testoff =  __off < this->size() - __pos;
        return __testoff ? __off : this->size() - __pos;
      }
 
      // True if _Rep and source do not overlap.
      bool
      _M_disjunct(const _CharT* __s) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        return (less<const _CharT*>()(__s, _M_data())
                || less<const _CharT*>()(_M_data() + this->size(), __s));
      }
 
      // When __n = 1 way faster than the general multichar
      // traits_type::copy/move/assign.
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      static void
      _S_copy(_CharT* __d, const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
      {
        if (__n == 1)
          traits_type::assign(*__d, *__s);
        else
          traits_type::copy(__d, __s, __n);
      }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      static void
      _S_move(_CharT* __d, const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
      {
        if (__n == 1)
          traits_type::assign(*__d, *__s);
        else
          traits_type::move(__d, __s, __n);
      }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      static void
      _S_assign(_CharT* __d, size_type __n, _CharT __c)
      {
        if (__n == 1)
          traits_type::assign(*__d, __c);
        else
          traits_type::assign(__d, __n, __c);
      }
 
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wc++17-extensions"
      // _S_copy_chars is a separate template to permit specialization
      // to optimize for the common case of pointers as iterators.
      template<class _Iterator>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        static void
        _S_copy_chars(_CharT* __p, _Iterator __k1, _Iterator __k2)
        {
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
          using _IterBase = decltype(std::__niter_base(__k1));
          if constexpr (__or_<is_same<_IterBase, _CharT*>,
                              is_same<_IterBase, const _CharT*>>::value)
            _S_copy(__p, std::__niter_base(__k1), __k2 - __k1);
#if __cpp_lib_concepts
          else if constexpr (requires {
                               requires contiguous_iterator<_Iterator>;
                               { std::to_address(__k1) }
                                 -> convertible_to<const _CharT*>;
                             })
            {
              const auto __d = __k2 - __k1;
              (void) (__k1 + __d); // See P3349R1
              _S_copy(__p, std::to_address(__k1), static_cast<size_type>(__d));
            }
#endif
          else
#endif
          for (; __k1 != __k2; ++__k1, (void)++__p)
            traits_type::assign(*__p, static_cast<_CharT>(*__k1));
        }
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 
#if __cplusplus < 201103L || defined _GLIBCXX_DEFINING_STRING_INSTANTIATIONS
      static void
      _S_copy_chars(_CharT* __p, iterator __k1, iterator __k2)
      { _S_copy_chars(__p, __k1.base(), __k2.base()); }
 
      static void
      _S_copy_chars(_CharT* __p, const_iterator __k1, const_iterator __k2)
      { _S_copy_chars(__p, __k1.base(), __k2.base()); }
 
      static void
      _S_copy_chars(_CharT* __p, _CharT* __k1, _CharT* __k2)
      { _S_copy(__p, __k1, __k2 - __k1); }
 
      static void
      _S_copy_chars(_CharT* __p, const _CharT* __k1, const _CharT* __k2)
      { _S_copy(__p, __k1, __k2 - __k1); }
#endif
 
#if __glibcxx_containers_ranges // C++ >= 23
      // pre: __n == ranges::distance(__rg). __p+[0,__n) is a valid range.
      template<typename _Rg>
        static constexpr void
        _S_copy_range(pointer __p, _Rg&& __rg, size_type __n)
        {
          if constexpr (requires {
                          requires ranges::contiguous_range<_Rg>;
                          { ranges::data(std::forward<_Rg>(__rg)) }
                            -> convertible_to<const _CharT*>;
                        })
            _S_copy(__p, ranges::data(std::forward<_Rg>(__rg)), __n);
          else
            {
              auto __first = ranges::begin(__rg);
              const auto __last = ranges::end(__rg);
              for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
                traits_type::assign(*__p++, static_cast<_CharT>(*__first));
            }
        }
#endif
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      static int
      _S_compare(size_type __n1, size_type __n2) _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        const difference_type __d = difference_type(__n1 - __n2);
 
        if (__d > __gnu_cxx::__numeric_traits<int>::__max)
          return __gnu_cxx::__numeric_traits<int>::__max;
        else if (__d < __gnu_cxx::__numeric_traits<int>::__min)
          return __gnu_cxx::__numeric_traits<int>::__min;
        else
          return int(__d);
      }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      _M_assign(const basic_string&);
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      _M_mutate(size_type __pos, size_type __len1, const _CharT* __s,
                size_type __len2);
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      _M_erase(size_type __pos, size_type __n);
 
    public:
      // Construct/copy/destroy:
      // NB: We overload ctors in some cases instead of using default
      // arguments, per 17.4.4.4 para. 2 item 2.
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Default constructor creates an empty string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string()
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT_IF(is_nothrow_default_constructible<_Alloc>::value)
#if __cpp_concepts && __glibcxx_type_trait_variable_templates
      requires is_default_constructible_v<_Alloc>
#endif
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data())
      {
        _M_init_local_buf();
        _M_set_length(0);
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Construct an empty string using allocator @a a.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      explicit
      basic_string(const _Alloc& __a) _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(), __a)
      {
        _M_init_local_buf();
        _M_set_length(0);
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Construct string with copy of value of @a __str.
       *  @param  __str  Source string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string(const basic_string& __str)
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(),
                    _Alloc_traits::_S_select_on_copy(__str._M_get_allocator()))
      {
        _M_construct<true>(__str._M_data(), __str.length());
      }
 
      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // 2583. no way to supply an allocator for basic_string(str, pos)
      /**
       *  @brief  Construct string as copy of a substring.
       *  @param  __str  Source string.
       *  @param  __pos  Index of first character to copy from.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos,
                   const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(), __a)
      {
        const _CharT* __start = __str._M_data()
          + __str._M_check(__pos, "basic_string::basic_string");
        _M_construct(__start, __start + __str._M_limit(__pos, npos),
                     std::forward_iterator_tag());
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Construct string as copy of a substring.
       *  @param  __str  Source string.
       *  @param  __pos  Index of first character to copy from.
       *  @param  __n  Number of characters to copy.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos,
                   size_type __n)
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data())
      {
        const _CharT* __start = __str._M_data()
          + __str._M_check(__pos, "basic_string::basic_string");
        _M_construct(__start, __start + __str._M_limit(__pos, __n),
                     std::forward_iterator_tag());
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Construct string as copy of a substring.
       *  @param  __str  Source string.
       *  @param  __pos  Index of first character to copy from.
       *  @param  __n  Number of characters to copy.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos,
                   size_type __n, const _Alloc& __a)
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(), __a)
      {
        const _CharT* __start
          = __str._M_data() + __str._M_check(__pos, "string::string");
        _M_construct(__start, __start + __str._M_limit(__pos, __n),
                     std::forward_iterator_tag());
      }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 202302L
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string(basic_string&& __str, size_type __pos,
                   const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(), __a)
      {
        __pos = __str._M_check(__pos, "string::string");
        _M_construct(std::move(__str), __pos, __str.length() - __pos);
      }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string(basic_string&& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n,
                   const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(), __a)
      {
        __pos = __str._M_check(__pos, "string::string");
        _M_construct(std::move(__str), __pos, __str._M_limit(__pos, __n));
      }
#endif // C++23
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Construct string initialized by a character %array.
       *  @param  __s  Source character %array.
       *  @param  __n  Number of characters to copy.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use (default is default allocator).
       *
       *  NB: @a __s must have at least @a __n characters, &apos;\\0&apos;
       *  has no special meaning.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n,
                   const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(), __a)
      {
        // NB: Not required, but considered best practice.
        if (__s == 0 && __n > 0)
          std::__throw_logic_error(__N("basic_string: "
                                       "construction from null is not valid"));
        _M_construct(__s, __s + __n, std::forward_iterator_tag());
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Construct string as copy of a C string.
       *  @param  __s  Source C string.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use (default is default allocator).
       */
#if __cpp_deduction_guides && ! defined _GLIBCXX_DEFINING_STRING_INSTANTIATIONS
      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // 3076. basic_string CTAD ambiguity
      template<typename = _RequireAllocator<_Alloc>>
#endif
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string(const _CharT* __s, const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(), __a)
      {
        // NB: Not required, but considered best practice.
        if (__s == 0)
          std::__throw_logic_error(__N("basic_string: "
                                       "construction from null is not valid"));
        const _CharT* __end = __s + traits_type::length(__s);
        _M_construct(__s, __end, forward_iterator_tag());
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Construct string as multiple characters.
       *  @param  __n  Number of characters.
       *  @param  __c  Character to use.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use (default is default allocator).
       */
#if __cpp_deduction_guides && ! defined _GLIBCXX_DEFINING_STRING_INSTANTIATIONS
      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // 3076. basic_string CTAD ambiguity
      template<typename = _RequireAllocator<_Alloc>>
#endif
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string(size_type __n, _CharT __c, const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(), __a)
      { _M_construct(__n, __c); }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Move construct string.
       *  @param  __str  Source string.
       *
       *  The newly-created string contains the exact contents of @a __str.
       *  @a __str is a valid, but unspecified string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string(basic_string&& __str) noexcept
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(), std::move(__str._M_get_allocator()))
      {
        if (__str._M_is_local())
          {
            _M_init_local_buf();
            traits_type::copy(_M_local_buf, __str._M_local_buf,
                              __str.length() + 1);
          }
        else
          {
            _M_data(__str._M_data());
            _M_capacity(__str._M_allocated_capacity);
          }
 
        // Must use _M_length() here not _M_set_length() because
        // basic_stringbuf relies on writing into unallocated capacity so
        // we mess up the contents if we put a '\0' in the string.
        _M_length(__str.length());
        __str._M_data(__str._M_use_local_data());
        __str._M_set_length(0);
      }
 
#if __glibcxx_containers_ranges // C++ >= 23
      /**
       * @brief Construct a string from a range.
       * @since C++23
       */
      template<__detail::__container_compatible_range<_CharT> _Rg>
        constexpr
        basic_string(from_range_t, _Rg&& __rg, const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
        : basic_string(__a)
        {
          if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Rg> || ranges::sized_range<_Rg>)
            {
              const auto __n = static_cast<size_type>(ranges::distance(__rg));
              reserve(__n);
              _S_copy_range(_M_data(), std::forward<_Rg>(__rg), __n);
              _M_set_length(__n);
            }
          else
            {
              auto __first = ranges::begin(__rg);
              const auto __last = ranges::end(__rg);
              for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
                push_back(*__first);
            }
        }
#endif
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Construct string from an initializer %list.
       *  @param  __l  std::initializer_list of characters.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use (default is default allocator).
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string(initializer_list<_CharT> __l, const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(), __a)
      { _M_construct(__l.begin(), __l.end(), std::forward_iterator_tag()); }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string(const basic_string& __str, const _Alloc& __a)
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(), __a)
      { _M_construct(__str.begin(), __str.end(), std::forward_iterator_tag()); }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string(basic_string&& __str, const _Alloc& __a)
      noexcept(_Alloc_traits::_S_always_equal())
      : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(), __a)
      {
        if (__str._M_is_local())
          {
            _M_init_local_buf();
            traits_type::copy(_M_local_buf, __str._M_local_buf,
                              __str.length() + 1);
            _M_length(__str.length());
            __str._M_set_length(0);
          }
        else if (_Alloc_traits::_S_always_equal()
            || __str.get_allocator() == __a)
          {
            _M_data(__str._M_data());
            _M_length(__str.length());
            _M_capacity(__str._M_allocated_capacity);
            __str._M_data(__str._M_use_local_data());
            __str._M_set_length(0);
          }
        else
          _M_construct(__str.begin(), __str.end(), std::forward_iterator_tag());
      }
#endif // C++11
 
#if __cplusplus >= 202100L
      basic_string(nullptr_t) = delete;
      basic_string& operator=(nullptr_t) = delete;
#endif // C++23
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Construct string as copy of a range.
       *  @param  __beg  Start of range.
       *  @param  __end  End of range.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use (default is default allocator).
       */
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      template<typename _InputIterator,
               typename = std::_RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
#else
      template<typename _InputIterator>
#endif
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        basic_string(_InputIterator __beg, _InputIterator __end,
                     const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
        : _M_dataplus(_M_local_data(), __a), _M_string_length(0)
        {
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
          _M_construct(__beg, __end, std::__iterator_category(__beg));
#else
          typedef typename std::__is_integer<_InputIterator>::__type _Integral;
          _M_construct_aux(__beg, __end, _Integral());
#endif
        }
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      /**
       *  @brief  Construct string from a substring of a string_view.
       *  @param  __t   Source object convertible to string view.
       *  @param  __pos The index of the first character to copy from __t.
       *  @param  __n   The number of characters to copy from __t.
       *  @param  __a   Allocator to use.
       */
      template<typename _Tp,
               typename = enable_if_t<is_convertible_v<const _Tp&, __sv_type>>>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        basic_string(const _Tp& __t, size_type __pos, size_type __n,
                     const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
        : basic_string(_S_to_string_view(__t).substr(__pos, __n), __a) { }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Construct string from a string_view.
       *  @param  __t  Source object convertible to string view.
       *  @param  __a  Allocator to use (default is default allocator).
       */
      template<typename _Tp, typename = _If_sv<_Tp, void>>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        explicit
        basic_string(const _Tp& __t, const _Alloc& __a = _Alloc())
        : basic_string(__sv_wrapper(_S_to_string_view(__t)), __a) { }
#endif // C++17
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Destroy the string instance.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      ~basic_string()
      { _M_dispose(); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Assign the value of @a str to this string.
       *  @param  __str  Source string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      operator=(const basic_string& __str)
      {
        return this->assign(__str);
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Copy contents of @a s into this string.
       *  @param  __s  Source null-terminated string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      operator=(const _CharT* __s)
      { return this->assign(__s); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to string of length 1.
       *  @param  __c  Source character.
       *
       *  Assigning to a character makes this string length 1 and
       *  (*this)[0] == @a c.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      operator=(_CharT __c)
      {
        this->assign(1, __c);
        return *this;
      }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Move assign the value of @a str to this string.
       *  @param  __str  Source string.
       *
       *  The contents of @a str are moved into this string (without copying).
       *  @a str is a valid, but unspecified string.
       */
      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // 2063. Contradictory requirements for string move assignment
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      operator=(basic_string&& __str)
      noexcept(_Alloc_traits::_S_nothrow_move())
      {
        const bool __equal_allocs = _Alloc_traits::_S_always_equal()
          || _M_get_allocator() == __str._M_get_allocator();
        if (!_M_is_local() && _Alloc_traits::_S_propagate_on_move_assign()
            && !__equal_allocs)
          {
            // Destroy existing storage before replacing allocator.
            _M_destroy(_M_allocated_capacity);
            _M_data(_M_local_data());
            _M_set_length(0);
          }
        // Replace allocator if POCMA is true.
        std::__alloc_on_move(_M_get_allocator(), __str._M_get_allocator());
 
        if (__str._M_is_local())
          {
            // We've always got room for a short string, just copy it
            // (unless this is a self-move, because that would violate the
            // char_traits::copy precondition that the ranges don't overlap).
            if (__builtin_expect(std::__addressof(__str) != this, true))
              {
                if (__str.size())
                  this->_S_copy(_M_data(), __str._M_data(), __str.size());
                _M_set_length(__str.size());
              }
          }
        else if (_Alloc_traits::_S_propagate_on_move_assign() || __equal_allocs)
          {
            // Just move the allocated pointer, our allocator can free it.
            pointer __data = nullptr;
            size_type __capacity;
            if (!_M_is_local())
              {
                if (__equal_allocs)
                  {
                    // __str can reuse our existing storage.
                    __data = _M_data();
                    __capacity = _M_allocated_capacity;
                  }
                else // __str can't use it, so free it.
                  _M_destroy(_M_allocated_capacity);
              }
 
            _M_data(__str._M_data());
            _M_length(__str.length());
            _M_capacity(__str._M_allocated_capacity);
            if (__data)
              {
                __str._M_data(__data);
                __str._M_capacity(__capacity);
              }
            else
              __str._M_data(__str._M_use_local_data());
          }
        else // Need to do a deep copy
          _M_assign(__str);
        __str.clear();
        return *this;
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to string constructed from initializer %list.
       *  @param  __l  std::initializer_list.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      operator=(initializer_list<_CharT> __l)
      {
        this->assign(__l.begin(), __l.size());
        return *this;
      }
#endif // C++11
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to string constructed from a string_view.
       *  @param  __svt  An object convertible to string_view.
       */
     template<typename _Tp>
       _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
       _If_sv<_Tp, basic_string&>
       operator=(const _Tp& __svt)
       { return this->assign(__svt); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Convert to a string_view.
       *  @return A string_view.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      operator __sv_type() const noexcept
      { return __sv_type(data(), size()); }
#endif // C++17
 
      // Iterators:
      /**
       *  Returns a read/write iterator that points to the first character in
       *  the %string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      iterator
      begin() _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return iterator(_M_data()); }
 
      /**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) iterator that points to the first
       *  character in the %string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const_iterator
      begin() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return const_iterator(_M_data()); }
 
      /**
       *  Returns a read/write iterator that points one past the last
       *  character in the %string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      iterator
      end() _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return iterator(_M_data() + this->size()); }
 
      /**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) iterator that points one past the
       *  last character in the %string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const_iterator
      end() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return const_iterator(_M_data() + this->size()); }
 
      /**
       *  Returns a read/write reverse iterator that points to the last
       *  character in the %string.  Iteration is done in reverse element
       *  order.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      reverse_iterator
      rbegin() _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return reverse_iterator(this->end()); }
 
      /**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) reverse iterator that points
       *  to the last character in the %string.  Iteration is done in
       *  reverse element order.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const_reverse_iterator
      rbegin() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return const_reverse_iterator(this->end()); }
 
      /**
       *  Returns a read/write reverse iterator that points to one before the
       *  first character in the %string.  Iteration is done in reverse
       *  element order.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      reverse_iterator
      rend() _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return reverse_iterator(this->begin()); }
 
      /**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) reverse iterator that points
       *  to one before the first character in the %string.  Iteration
       *  is done in reverse element order.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const_reverse_iterator
      rend() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return const_reverse_iterator(this->begin()); }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) iterator that points to the first
       *  character in the %string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const_iterator
      cbegin() const noexcept
      { return const_iterator(this->_M_data()); }
 
      /**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) iterator that points one past the
       *  last character in the %string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const_iterator
      cend() const noexcept
      { return const_iterator(this->_M_data() + this->size()); }
 
      /**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) reverse iterator that points
       *  to the last character in the %string.  Iteration is done in
       *  reverse element order.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const_reverse_iterator
      crbegin() const noexcept
      { return const_reverse_iterator(this->end()); }
 
      /**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) reverse iterator that points
       *  to one before the first character in the %string.  Iteration
       *  is done in reverse element order.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const_reverse_iterator
      crend() const noexcept
      { return const_reverse_iterator(this->begin()); }
#endif
 
    public:
      // Capacity:
      ///  Returns the number of characters in the string, not including any
      ///  null-termination.
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      size() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        size_type __sz = _M_string_length;
        if (__sz > max_size ())
          __builtin_unreachable();
        return __sz;
      }
 
      ///  Returns the number of characters in the string, not including any
      ///  null-termination.
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      length() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return size(); }
 
      ///  Returns the size() of the largest possible %string.
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      max_size() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        const size_t __diffmax
          = __gnu_cxx::__numeric_traits<ptrdiff_t>::__max / sizeof(_CharT);
        const size_t __allocmax = _Alloc_traits::max_size(_M_get_allocator());
        return (std::min)(__diffmax, __allocmax) - 1;
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Resizes the %string to the specified number of characters.
       *  @param  __n  Number of characters the %string should contain.
       *  @param  __c  Character to fill any new elements.
       *
       *  This function will %resize the %string to the specified
       *  number of characters.  If the number is smaller than the
       *  %string's current size the %string is truncated, otherwise
       *  the %string is extended and new elements are %set to @a __c.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      resize(size_type __n, _CharT __c);
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Resizes the %string to the specified number of characters.
       *  @param  __n  Number of characters the %string should contain.
       *
       *  This function will resize the %string to the specified length.  If
       *  the new size is smaller than the %string's current size the %string
       *  is truncated, otherwise the %string is extended and new characters
       *  are default-constructed.  For basic types such as char, this means
       *  setting them to 0.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      resize(size_type __n)
      { this->resize(__n, _CharT()); }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
      ///  A non-binding request to reduce capacity() to size().
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      shrink_to_fit() noexcept
      { reserve(); }
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_resize_and_overwrite // C++ >= 23
      /** Resize the string and call a function to fill it.
       *
       * @param __n   The maximum size requested.
       * @param __op  A callable object that writes characters to the string.
       *
       * This is a low-level function that is easy to misuse, be careful.
       *
       * Calling `str.resize_and_overwrite(n, op)` will reserve at least `n`
       * characters in `str`, evaluate `n2 = std::move(op)(str.data(), n)`,
       * and finally set the string length to `n2` (adding a null terminator
       * at the end). The function object `op` is allowed to write to the
       * extra capacity added by the initial reserve operation, which is not
       * allowed if you just call `str.reserve(n)` yourself.
       *
       * This can be used to efficiently fill a `string` buffer without the
       * overhead of zero-initializing characters that will be overwritten
       * anyway.
       *
       * The callable `op` must not access the string directly (only through
       * the pointer passed as its first argument), must not write more than
       * `n` characters to the string, must return a value no greater than `n`,
       * and must ensure that all characters up to the returned length are
       * valid after it returns (i.e. there must be no uninitialized values
       * left in the string after the call, because accessing them would
       * have undefined behaviour). If `op` exits by throwing an exception
       * the behaviour is undefined.
       *
       * @since C++23
       */
      template<typename _Operation>
        constexpr void
        resize_and_overwrite(size_type __n, _Operation __op);
#endif
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /// Non-standard version of resize_and_overwrite for C++11 and above.
      template<typename _Operation>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR void
        __resize_and_overwrite(size_type __n, _Operation __op);
#endif
 
      /**
       *  Returns the total number of characters that the %string can hold
       *  before needing to allocate more memory.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      capacity() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        size_t __sz = _M_is_local() ? size_type(_S_local_capacity)
                                     : _M_allocated_capacity;
        if (__sz < _S_local_capacity || __sz > max_size ())
          __builtin_unreachable();
        return __sz;
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Attempt to preallocate enough memory for specified number of
       *          characters.
       *  @param  __res_arg  Number of characters required.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If @a __res_arg exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  This function attempts to reserve enough memory for the
       *  %string to hold the specified number of characters.  If the
       *  number requested is more than max_size(), length_error is
       *  thrown.
       *
       *  The advantage of this function is that if optimal code is a
       *  necessity and the user can determine the string length that will be
       *  required, the user can reserve the memory in %advance, and thus
       *  prevent a possible reallocation of memory and copying of %string
       *  data.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      reserve(size_type __res_arg);
 
      /**
       *  Equivalent to shrink_to_fit().
       */
#if __cplusplus > 201703L
      [[deprecated("use shrink_to_fit() instead")]]
#endif
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      reserve();
 
      /**
       *  Erases the string, making it empty.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      clear() _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { _M_set_length(0); }
 
      /**
       *  Returns true if the %string is empty.  Equivalent to
       *  <code>*this == ""</code>.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      bool
      empty() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return _M_string_length == 0; }
 
      // Element access:
      /**
       *  @brief  Subscript access to the data contained in the %string.
       *  @param  __pos  The index of the character to access.
       *  @return  Read-only (constant) reference to the character.
       *
       *  This operator allows for easy, array-style, data access.
       *  Note that data access with this operator is unchecked and
       *  out_of_range lookups are not defined. (For checked lookups
       *  see at().)
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const_reference
      operator[] (size_type __pos) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        __glibcxx_assert(__pos <= size());
        return _M_data()[__pos];
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Subscript access to the data contained in the %string.
       *  @param  __pos  The index of the character to access.
       *  @return  Read/write reference to the character.
       *
       *  This operator allows for easy, array-style, data access.
       *  Note that data access with this operator is unchecked and
       *  out_of_range lookups are not defined. (For checked lookups
       *  see at().)
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      reference
      operator[](size_type __pos)
      {
        // Allow pos == size() both in C++98 mode, as v3 extension,
        // and in C++11 mode.
        __glibcxx_assert(__pos <= size());
        // In pedantic mode be strict in C++98 mode.
        _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(__cplusplus >= 201103L || __pos < size());
        return _M_data()[__pos];
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Provides access to the data contained in the %string.
       *  @param __n The index of the character to access.
       *  @return  Read-only (const) reference to the character.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a n is an invalid index.
       *
       *  This function provides for safer data access.  The parameter is
       *  first checked that it is in the range of the string.  The function
       *  throws out_of_range if the check fails.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const_reference
      at(size_type __n) const
      {
        if (__n >= this->size())
          __throw_out_of_range_fmt(__N("basic_string::at: __n "
                                       "(which is %zu) >= this->size() "
                                       "(which is %zu)"),
                                   __n, this->size());
        return _M_data()[__n];
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Provides access to the data contained in the %string.
       *  @param __n The index of the character to access.
       *  @return  Read/write reference to the character.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a n is an invalid index.
       *
       *  This function provides for safer data access.  The parameter is
       *  first checked that it is in the range of the string.  The function
       *  throws out_of_range if the check fails.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      reference
      at(size_type __n)
      {
        if (__n >= size())
          __throw_out_of_range_fmt(__N("basic_string::at: __n "
                                       "(which is %zu) >= this->size() "
                                       "(which is %zu)"),
                                   __n, this->size());
        return _M_data()[__n];
      }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  Returns a read/write reference to the data at the first
       *  element of the %string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      reference
      front() noexcept
      {
        __glibcxx_assert(!empty());
        return operator[](0);
      }
 
      /**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) reference to the data at the first
       *  element of the %string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const_reference
      front() const noexcept
      {
        __glibcxx_assert(!empty());
        return operator[](0);
      }
 
      /**
       *  Returns a read/write reference to the data at the last
       *  element of the %string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      reference
      back() noexcept
      {
        __glibcxx_assert(!empty());
        return operator[](this->size() - 1);
      }
 
      /**
       *  Returns a read-only (constant) reference to the data at the
       *  last element of the %string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const_reference
      back() const noexcept
      {
        __glibcxx_assert(!empty());
        return operator[](this->size() - 1);
      }
#endif
 
      // Modifiers:
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a string to this string.
       *  @param __str  The string to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      operator+=(const basic_string& __str)
      { return this->append(__str); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a C string.
       *  @param __s  The C string to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      operator+=(const _CharT* __s)
      { return this->append(__s); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a character.
       *  @param __c  The character to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      operator+=(_CharT __c)
      {
        this->push_back(__c);
        return *this;
      }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Append an initializer_list of characters.
       *  @param __l  The initializer_list of characters to be appended.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      operator+=(initializer_list<_CharT> __l)
      { return this->append(__l.begin(), __l.size()); }
#endif // C++11
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a string_view.
       *  @param __svt  An object convertible to string_view to be appended.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, basic_string&>
        operator+=(const _Tp& __svt)
        { return this->append(__svt); }
#endif // C++17
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a string to this string.
       *  @param __str  The string to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      append(const basic_string& __str)
      { return this->append(__str._M_data(), __str.size()); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a substring.
       *  @param __str  The string to append.
       *  @param __pos  Index of the first character of str to append.
       *  @param __n  The number of characters to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range if @a __pos is not a valid index.
       *
       *  This function appends @a __n characters from @a __str
       *  starting at @a __pos to this string.  If @a __n is is larger
       *  than the number of available characters in @a __str, the
       *  remainder of @a __str is appended.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      append(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n = npos)
      { return this->append(__str._M_data()
                            + __str._M_check(__pos, "basic_string::append"),
                            __str._M_limit(__pos, __n)); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a C substring.
       *  @param __s  The C string to append.
       *  @param __n  The number of characters to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      append(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
        _M_check_length(size_type(0), __n, "basic_string::append");
        return _M_append(__s, __n);
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a C string.
       *  @param __s  The C string to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      append(const _CharT* __s)
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
        const size_type __n = traits_type::length(__s);
        _M_check_length(size_type(0), __n, "basic_string::append");
        return _M_append(__s, __n);
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Append multiple characters.
       *  @param __n  The number of characters to append.
       *  @param __c  The character to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  Appends __n copies of __c to this string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      append(size_type __n, _CharT __c)
      { return _M_replace_aux(this->size(), size_type(0), __n, __c); }
 
#if __glibcxx_containers_ranges // C++ >= 23
      /**
       * @brief Append a range to the string.
       * @param __rg A range of values that are convertible to `value_type`.
       * @since C++23
       *
       * The range `__rg` is allowed to overlap with `*this`.
       */
      template<__detail::__container_compatible_range<_CharT> _Rg>
        constexpr basic_string&
        append_range(_Rg&& __rg)
        {
          // N.B. __rg may overlap with *this, so we must copy from __rg before
          // existing elements or iterators referring to *this are invalidated.
          // e.g. in s.append_range(views::concat(s, str)), rg overlaps s.
          if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Rg> || ranges::sized_range<_Rg>)
            {
              const auto __len = size_type(ranges::distance(__rg));
 
              // Don't care if this addition wraps around, we check it below:
              const size_type __newlen = size() + __len;
 
              if ((capacity() - size()) >= __len)
                _S_copy_range(_M_data() + size(), std::forward<_Rg>(__rg),
                              __len);
              else
                {
                  _M_check_length(0, __len, "basic_string::append_range");
                  basic_string __s(_M_get_allocator());
                  __s.reserve(__newlen);
                  _S_copy_range(__s._M_data() + size(), std::forward<_Rg>(__rg),
                                __len);
                  _S_copy(__s._M_data(), _M_data(), size());
                  if (!_M_is_local())
                    _M_destroy(_M_allocated_capacity);
                  _M_data(__s._M_data());
                  _M_capacity(__s._M_allocated_capacity);
                  __s._M_data(__s._M_local_data());
                  __s._M_length(0);
                }
              _M_set_length(__newlen); // adds null-terminator
            }
          else
            {
              basic_string __s(from_range, std::forward<_Rg>(__rg),
                               _M_get_allocator());
              append(__s);
            }
          return *this;
        }
#endif
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Append an initializer_list of characters.
       *  @param __l  The initializer_list of characters to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      append(initializer_list<_CharT> __l)
      { return this->append(__l.begin(), __l.size()); }
#endif // C++11
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a range of characters.
       *  @param __first  Iterator referencing the first character to append.
       *  @param __last  Iterator marking the end of the range.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  Appends characters in the range [__first,__last) to this string.
       */
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      template<class _InputIterator,
               typename = std::_RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
#else
      template<class _InputIterator>
#endif
        basic_string&
        append(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
        { return this->replace(end(), end(), __first, __last); }
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a string_view.
       *  @param __svt  An object convertible to string_view to be appended.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, basic_string&>
        append(const _Tp& __svt)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return this->append(__sv.data(), __sv.size());
        }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a range of characters from a string_view.
       *  @param __svt  An object convertible to string_view to be appended from.
       *  @param __pos The position in the string_view to append from.
       *  @param __n   The number of characters to append from the string_view.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, basic_string&>
        append(const _Tp& __svt, size_type __pos, size_type __n = npos)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return _M_append(__sv.data()
              + std::__sv_check(__sv.size(), __pos, "basic_string::append"),
              std::__sv_limit(__sv.size(), __pos, __n));
        }
#endif // C++17
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a single character.
       *  @param __c  Character to append.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      push_back(_CharT __c)
      {
        const size_type __size = this->size();
        if (__size + 1 > this->capacity())
          this->_M_mutate(__size, size_type(0), 0, size_type(1));
        traits_type::assign(this->_M_data()[__size], __c);
        this->_M_set_length(__size + 1);
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to contents of another string.
       *  @param  __str  Source string to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      assign(const basic_string& __str)
      {
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
        if (_Alloc_traits::_S_propagate_on_copy_assign())
          {
            if (!_Alloc_traits::_S_always_equal() && !_M_is_local()
                && _M_get_allocator() != __str._M_get_allocator())
              {
                // Propagating allocator cannot free existing storage so must
                // deallocate it before replacing current allocator.
                if (__str.size() <= _S_local_capacity)
                  {
                    _M_destroy(_M_allocated_capacity);
                    _M_data(_M_use_local_data());
                    _M_set_length(0);
                  }
                else
                  {
                    const auto __len = __str.size();
                    auto __alloc = __str._M_get_allocator();
                    // If this allocation throws there are no effects:
                    auto __ptr = _S_allocate(__alloc, __len + 1);
                    _M_destroy(_M_allocated_capacity);
                    _M_data(__ptr);
                    _M_capacity(__len);
                    _M_set_length(__len);
                  }
              }
            std::__alloc_on_copy(_M_get_allocator(), __str._M_get_allocator());
          }
#endif
        this->_M_assign(__str);
        return *this;
      }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to contents of another string.
       *  @param  __str  Source string to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  This function sets this string to the exact contents of @a __str.
       *  @a __str is a valid, but unspecified string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      assign(basic_string&& __str)
      noexcept(_Alloc_traits::_S_nothrow_move())
      {
        // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
        // 2063. Contradictory requirements for string move assignment
        return *this = std::move(__str);
      }
#endif // C++11
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to a substring of a string.
       *  @param __str  The string to use.
       *  @param __pos  Index of the first character of str.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range if @a pos is not a valid index.
       *
       *  This function sets this string to the substring of @a __str
       *  consisting of @a __n characters at @a __pos.  If @a __n is
       *  is larger than the number of available characters in @a
       *  __str, the remainder of @a __str is used.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      assign(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n = npos)
      { return _M_replace(size_type(0), this->size(), __str._M_data()
                          + __str._M_check(__pos, "basic_string::assign"),
                          __str._M_limit(__pos, __n)); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to a C substring.
       *  @param __s  The C string to use.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  This function sets the value of this string to the first @a __n
       *  characters of @a __s.  If @a __n is is larger than the number of
       *  available characters in @a __s, the remainder of @a __s is used.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      assign(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n);
        return _M_replace(size_type(0), this->size(), __s, __n);
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to contents of a C string.
       *  @param __s  The C string to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  This function sets the value of this string to the value of @a __s.
       *  The data is copied, so there is no dependence on @a __s once the
       *  function returns.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      assign(const _CharT* __s)
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
        return _M_replace(size_type(0), this->size(), __s,
                          traits_type::length(__s));
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to multiple characters.
       *  @param __n  Length of the resulting string.
       *  @param __c  The character to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  This function sets the value of this string to @a __n copies of
       *  character @a __c.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      assign(size_type __n, _CharT __c)
      { return _M_replace_aux(size_type(0), this->size(), __n, __c); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to a range of characters.
       *  @param __first  Iterator referencing the first character to append.
       *  @param __last  Iterator marking the end of the range.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  Sets value of string to characters in the range [__first,__last).
      */
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wc++17-extensions"
      template<class _InputIterator,
               typename = std::_RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        basic_string&
        assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
        {
          using _IterTraits = iterator_traits<_InputIterator>;
          if constexpr (is_pointer<decltype(std::__niter_base(__first))>::value
                          && is_same<typename _IterTraits::value_type,
                                     _CharT>::value)
            {
              __glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__first, __last);
              return _M_replace(size_type(0), size(),
                                std::__niter_base(__first), __last - __first);
            }
#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
          else if constexpr (contiguous_iterator<_InputIterator>
                               && is_same_v<iter_value_t<_InputIterator>,
                                            _CharT>)
            {
              __glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__first, __last);
              return _M_replace(size_type(0), size(),
                                std::to_address(__first), __last - __first);
            }
#endif
          else
            return *this = basic_string(__first, __last, get_allocator());
        }
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#else
      template<class _InputIterator>
        basic_string&
        assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
        { return this->replace(begin(), end(), __first, __last); }
#endif
 
#if __glibcxx_containers_ranges // C++ >= 23
      /**
       * @brief Assign a range to the string.
       * @param __rg A range of values that are convertible to `value_type`.
       * @since C++23
       *
       * The range `__rg` is allowed to overlap with `*this`.
       */
      template<__detail::__container_compatible_range<_CharT> _Rg>
        constexpr basic_string&
        assign_range(_Rg&& __rg)
        {
          basic_string __s(from_range, std::forward<_Rg>(__rg),
                           _M_get_allocator());
          assign(std::move(__s));
          return *this;
        }
#endif
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to an initializer_list of characters.
       *  @param __l  The initializer_list of characters to assign.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      assign(initializer_list<_CharT> __l)
      {
        // The initializer_list array cannot alias the characters in *this
        // so we don't need to use replace to that case.
        const size_type __n = __l.size();
        if (__n > capacity())
          *this = basic_string(__l.begin(), __l.end(), get_allocator());
        else
          {
            if (__n)
              _S_copy(_M_data(), __l.begin(), __n);
            _M_set_length(__n);
          }
        return *this;
      }
#endif // C++11
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value from a string_view.
       *  @param __svt  The source object convertible to string_view.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, basic_string&>
        assign(const _Tp& __svt)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return this->assign(__sv.data(), __sv.size());
        }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Set value from a range of characters in a string_view.
       *  @param __svt  The source object convertible to string_view.
       *  @param __pos  The position in the string_view to assign from.
       *  @param __n  The number of characters to assign.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, basic_string&>
        assign(const _Tp& __svt, size_type __pos, size_type __n = npos)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return _M_replace(size_type(0), this->size(),
              __sv.data()
              + std::__sv_check(__sv.size(), __pos, "basic_string::assign"),
              std::__sv_limit(__sv.size(), __pos, __n));
        }
#endif // C++17
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert multiple characters.
       *  @param __p  Const_iterator referencing location in string to
       *              insert at.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to insert
       *  @param __c  The character to insert.
       *  @return  Iterator referencing the first inserted char.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts @a __n copies of character @a __c starting at the
       *  position referenced by iterator @a __p.  If adding
       *  characters causes the length to exceed max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      iterator
      insert(const_iterator __p, size_type __n, _CharT __c)
      {
        _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(__p >= begin() && __p <= end());
        const size_type __pos = __p - begin();
        this->replace(__p, __p, __n, __c);
        return iterator(this->_M_data() + __pos);
      }
#else
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert multiple characters.
       *  @param __p  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to insert
       *  @param __c  The character to insert.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts @a __n copies of character @a __c starting at the
       *  position referenced by iterator @a __p.  If adding
       *  characters causes the length to exceed max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      void
      insert(iterator __p, size_type __n, _CharT __c)
      { this->replace(__p, __p, __n, __c);  }
#endif
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert a range of characters.
       *  @param __p  Const_iterator referencing location in string to
       *              insert at.
       *  @param __beg  Start of range.
       *  @param __end  End of range.
       *  @return  Iterator referencing the first inserted char.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts characters in range [beg,end).  If adding characters
       *  causes the length to exceed max_size(), length_error is
       *  thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error
       *  is thrown.
      */
      template<class _InputIterator,
               typename = std::_RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        iterator
        insert(const_iterator __p, _InputIterator __beg, _InputIterator __end)
        {
          _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(__p >= begin() && __p <= end());
          const size_type __pos = __p - begin();
          this->replace(__p, __p, __beg, __end);
          return iterator(this->_M_data() + __pos);
        }
#else
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert a range of characters.
       *  @param __p  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param __beg  Start of range.
       *  @param __end  End of range.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts characters in range [__beg,__end).  If adding
       *  characters causes the length to exceed max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      template<class _InputIterator>
        void
        insert(iterator __p, _InputIterator __beg, _InputIterator __end)
        { this->replace(__p, __p, __beg, __end); }
#endif
 
#if __glibcxx_containers_ranges // C++ >= 23
      /**
       * @brief Insert a range into the string.
       * @param __rg A range of values that are convertible to `value_type`.
       * @since C++23
       *
       * The range `__rg` is allowed to overlap with `*this`.
       */
      template<__detail::__container_compatible_range<_CharT> _Rg>
        constexpr iterator
        insert_range(const_iterator __p, _Rg&& __rg)
        {
          auto __pos = __p - cbegin();
 
          if constexpr (ranges::forward_range<_Rg>)
            if (ranges::empty(__rg))
              return begin() + __pos;
 
 
          if (__p == cend())
            append_range(std::forward<_Rg>(__rg));
          else
            {
              basic_string __s(from_range, std::forward<_Rg>(__rg),
                               _M_get_allocator());
              insert(__pos, __s);
            }
          return begin() + __pos;
        }
#endif
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert an initializer_list of characters.
       *  @param __p  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param __l  The initializer_list of characters to insert.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      iterator
      insert(const_iterator __p, initializer_list<_CharT> __l)
      { return this->insert(__p, __l.begin(), __l.end()); }
 
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_DEFINING_STRING_INSTANTIATIONS
      // See PR libstdc++/83328
      void
      insert(iterator __p, initializer_list<_CharT> __l)
      {
        _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(__p >= begin() && __p <= end());
        this->insert(__p - begin(), __l.begin(), __l.size());
      }
#endif
#endif // C++11
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert value of a string.
       *  @param __pos1 Position in string to insert at.
       *  @param __str  The string to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts value of @a __str starting at @a __pos1.  If adding
       *  characters causes the length to exceed max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      insert(size_type __pos1, const basic_string& __str)
      { return this->replace(__pos1, size_type(0),
                             __str._M_data(), __str.size()); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert a substring.
       *  @param __pos1  Position in string to insert at.
       *  @param __str   The string to insert.
       *  @param __pos2  Start of characters in str to insert.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos1 > size() or
       *  @a __pos2 > @a str.size().
       *
       *  Starting at @a pos1, insert @a __n character of @a __str
       *  beginning with @a __pos2.  If adding characters causes the
       *  length to exceed max_size(), length_error is thrown.  If @a
       *  __pos1 is beyond the end of this string or @a __pos2 is
       *  beyond the end of @a __str, out_of_range is thrown.  The
       *  value of the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      insert(size_type __pos1, const basic_string& __str,
             size_type __pos2, size_type __n = npos)
      { return this->replace(__pos1, size_type(0), __str._M_data()
                             + __str._M_check(__pos2, "basic_string::insert"),
                             __str._M_limit(__pos2, __n)); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert a C substring.
       *  @param __pos  Position in string to insert at.
       *  @param __s  The C string to insert.
       *  @param __n  The number of characters to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos is beyond the end of this
       *  string.
       *
       *  Inserts the first @a __n characters of @a __s starting at @a
       *  __pos.  If adding characters causes the length to exceed
       *  max_size(), length_error is thrown.  If @a __pos is beyond
       *  end(), out_of_range is thrown.  The value of the string
       *  doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      insert(size_type __pos, const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
      { return this->replace(__pos, size_type(0), __s, __n); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert a C string.
       *  @param __pos  Position in string to insert at.
       *  @param __s  The C string to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos is beyond the end of this
       *  string.
       *
       *  Inserts the first @a n characters of @a __s starting at @a __pos.  If
       *  adding characters causes the length to exceed max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  If @a __pos is beyond end(), out_of_range is
       *  thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error is
       *  thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      insert(size_type __pos, const _CharT* __s)
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
        return this->replace(__pos, size_type(0), __s,
                             traits_type::length(__s));
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert multiple characters.
       *  @param __pos  Index in string to insert at.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to insert
       *  @param __c  The character to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos is beyond the end of this
       *  string.
       *
       *  Inserts @a __n copies of character @a __c starting at index
       *  @a __pos.  If adding characters causes the length to exceed
       *  max_size(), length_error is thrown.  If @a __pos > length(),
       *  out_of_range is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      insert(size_type __pos, size_type __n, _CharT __c)
      { return _M_replace_aux(_M_check(__pos, "basic_string::insert"),
                              size_type(0), __n, __c); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert one character.
       *  @param __p  Iterator referencing position in string to insert at.
       *  @param __c  The character to insert.
       *  @return  Iterator referencing newly inserted char.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts character @a __c at position referenced by @a __p.
       *  If adding character causes the length to exceed max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  If @a __p is beyond end of string,
       *  out_of_range is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      iterator
      insert(__const_iterator __p, _CharT __c)
      {
        _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(__p >= begin() && __p <= end());
        const size_type __pos = __p - begin();
        _M_replace_aux(__pos, size_type(0), size_type(1), __c);
        return iterator(_M_data() + __pos);
      }
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert a string_view.
       *  @param __pos  Position in string to insert at.
       *  @param __svt  The object convertible to string_view to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
      */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, basic_string&>
        insert(size_type __pos, const _Tp& __svt)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return this->insert(__pos, __sv.data(), __sv.size());
        }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Insert a string_view.
       *  @param __pos1  Position in string to insert at.
       *  @param __svt   The object convertible to string_view to insert from.
       *  @param __pos2  Start of characters in str to insert.
       *  @param __n    The number of characters to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
      */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, basic_string&>
        insert(size_type __pos1, const _Tp& __svt,
               size_type __pos2, size_type __n = npos)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return this->replace(__pos1, size_type(0),
              __sv.data()
              + std::__sv_check(__sv.size(), __pos2, "basic_string::insert"),
              std::__sv_limit(__sv.size(), __pos2, __n));
        }
#endif // C++17
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Remove characters.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character to remove (default 0).
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to remove (default remainder).
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos is beyond the end of this
       *  string.
       *
       *  Removes @a __n characters from this string starting at @a
       *  __pos.  The length of the string is reduced by @a __n.  If
       *  there are < @a __n characters to remove, the remainder of
       *  the string is truncated.  If @a __p is beyond end of string,
       *  out_of_range is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      erase(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos)
      {
        _M_check(__pos, "basic_string::erase");
        if (__n == npos)
          this->_M_set_length(__pos);
        else if (__n != 0)
          this->_M_erase(__pos, _M_limit(__pos, __n));
        return *this;
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Remove one character.
       *  @param __position  Iterator referencing the character to remove.
       *  @return  iterator referencing same location after removal.
       *
       *  Removes the character at @a __position from this string. The value
       *  of the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      iterator
      erase(__const_iterator __position)
      {
        _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(__position >= begin()
                                 && __position < end());
        const size_type __pos = __position - begin();
        this->_M_erase(__pos, size_type(1));
        return iterator(_M_data() + __pos);
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Remove a range of characters.
       *  @param __first  Iterator referencing the first character to remove.
       *  @param __last  Iterator referencing the end of the range.
       *  @return  Iterator referencing location of first after removal.
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [first,last) from this string.
       *  The value of the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      iterator
      erase(__const_iterator __first, __const_iterator __last)
      {
        _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(__first >= begin() && __first <= __last
                                 && __last <= end());
        const size_type __pos = __first - begin();
        if (__last == end())
          this->_M_set_length(__pos);
        else
          this->_M_erase(__pos, __last - __first);
        return iterator(this->_M_data() + __pos);
      }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Remove the last character.
       *
       *  The string must be non-empty.
       */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      pop_back() noexcept
      {
        __glibcxx_assert(!empty());
        _M_erase(size() - 1, 1);
      }
#endif // C++11
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace characters with value from another string.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character to replace.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to be replaced.
       *  @param __str  String to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos is beyond the end of this
       *  string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [__pos,__pos+__n) from
       *  this string.  In place, the value of @a __str is inserted.
       *  If @a __pos is beyond end of string, out_of_range is thrown.
       *  If the length of the result exceeds max_size(), length_error
       *  is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an
       *  error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n, const basic_string& __str)
      { return this->replace(__pos, __n, __str._M_data(), __str.size()); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace characters with value from another string.
       *  @param __pos1  Index of first character to replace.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters to be replaced.
       *  @param __str  String to insert.
       *  @param __pos2  Index of first character of str to use.
       *  @param __n2  Number of characters from str to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos1 > size() or @a __pos2 >
       *  __str.size().
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [__pos1,__pos1 + n) from this
       *  string.  In place, the value of @a __str is inserted.  If @a __pos is
       *  beyond end of string, out_of_range is thrown.  If the length of the
       *  result exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.  The value of the
       *  string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      replace(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str,
              size_type __pos2, size_type __n2 = npos)
      { return this->replace(__pos1, __n1, __str._M_data()
                             + __str._M_check(__pos2, "basic_string::replace"),
                             __str._M_limit(__pos2, __n2)); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace characters with value of a C substring.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character to replace.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters to be replaced.
       *  @param __s  C string to insert.
       *  @param __n2  Number of characters from @a s to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos1 > size().
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [__pos,__pos + __n1)
       *  from this string.  In place, the first @a __n2 characters of
       *  @a __s are inserted, or all of @a __s if @a __n2 is too large.  If
       *  @a __pos is beyond end of string, out_of_range is thrown.  If
       *  the length of result exceeds max_size(), length_error is
       *  thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error
       *  is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s,
              size_type __n2)
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n2);
        return _M_replace(_M_check(__pos, "basic_string::replace"),
                          _M_limit(__pos, __n1), __s, __n2);
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace characters with value of a C string.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character to replace.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters to be replaced.
       *  @param __s  C string to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos > size().
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [__pos,__pos + __n1)
       *  from this string.  In place, the characters of @a __s are
       *  inserted.  If @a __pos is beyond end of string, out_of_range
       *  is thrown.  If the length of result exceeds max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  The value of the string doesn't
       *  change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s)
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
        return this->replace(__pos, __n1, __s, traits_type::length(__s));
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace characters with multiple characters.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character to replace.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters to be replaced.
       *  @param __n2  Number of characters to insert.
       *  @param __c  Character to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a __pos > size().
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [pos,pos + n1) from this
       *  string.  In place, @a __n2 copies of @a __c are inserted.
       *  If @a __pos is beyond end of string, out_of_range is thrown.
       *  If the length of result exceeds max_size(), length_error is
       *  thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error
       *  is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, size_type __n2, _CharT __c)
      { return _M_replace_aux(_M_check(__pos, "basic_string::replace"),
                              _M_limit(__pos, __n1), __n2, __c); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with string.
       *  @param __i1  Iterator referencing start of range to replace.
       *  @param __i2  Iterator referencing end of range to replace.
       *  @param __str  String value to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [__i1,__i2).  In place,
       *  the value of @a __str is inserted.  If the length of result
       *  exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.  The value of
       *  the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      replace(__const_iterator __i1, __const_iterator __i2,
              const basic_string& __str)
      { return this->replace(__i1, __i2, __str._M_data(), __str.size()); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with C substring.
       *  @param __i1  Iterator referencing start of range to replace.
       *  @param __i2  Iterator referencing end of range to replace.
       *  @param __s  C string value to insert.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from s to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [__i1,__i2).  In place,
       *  the first @a __n characters of @a __s are inserted.  If the
       *  length of result exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.
       *  The value of the string doesn't change if an error is
       *  thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      replace(__const_iterator __i1, __const_iterator __i2,
              const _CharT* __s, size_type __n)
      {
        _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(begin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
                                 && __i2 <= end());
        return this->replace(__i1 - begin(), __i2 - __i1, __s, __n);
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with C string.
       *  @param __i1  Iterator referencing start of range to replace.
       *  @param __i2  Iterator referencing end of range to replace.
       *  @param __s  C string value to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [__i1,__i2).  In place,
       *  the characters of @a __s are inserted.  If the length of
       *  result exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.  The
       *  value of the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      replace(__const_iterator __i1, __const_iterator __i2, const _CharT* __s)
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
        return this->replace(__i1, __i2, __s, traits_type::length(__s));
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with multiple characters
       *  @param __i1  Iterator referencing start of range to replace.
       *  @param __i2  Iterator referencing end of range to replace.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to insert.
       *  @param __c  Character to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [__i1,__i2).  In place,
       *  @a __n copies of @a __c are inserted.  If the length of
       *  result exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.  The
       *  value of the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      replace(__const_iterator __i1, __const_iterator __i2, size_type __n,
              _CharT __c)
      {
        _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(begin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
                                 && __i2 <= end());
        return _M_replace_aux(__i1 - begin(), __i2 - __i1, __n, __c);
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with range.
       *  @param __i1  Iterator referencing start of range to replace.
       *  @param __i2  Iterator referencing end of range to replace.
       *  @param __k1  Iterator referencing start of range to insert.
       *  @param __k2  Iterator referencing end of range to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [__i1,__i2).  In place,
       *  characters in the range [__k1,__k2) are inserted.  If the
       *  length of result exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.
       *  The value of the string doesn't change if an error is
       *  thrown.
      */
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      template<class _InputIterator,
               typename = std::_RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        basic_string&
        replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
                _InputIterator __k1, _InputIterator __k2)
        {
          _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(begin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
                                   && __i2 <= end());
          __glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__k1, __k2);
          return this->_M_replace_dispatch(__i1, __i2, __k1, __k2,
                                           std::__false_type());
        }
#else
      template<class _InputIterator>
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_DISAMBIGUATE_REPLACE_INST
        typename __enable_if_not_native_iterator<_InputIterator>::__type
#else
        basic_string&
#endif
        replace(iterator __i1, iterator __i2,
                _InputIterator __k1, _InputIterator __k2)
        {
          _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(begin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
                                   && __i2 <= end());
          __glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__k1, __k2);
          typedef typename std::__is_integer<_InputIterator>::__type _Integral;
          return _M_replace_dispatch(__i1, __i2, __k1, __k2, _Integral());
        }
#endif
 
      // Specializations for the common case of pointer and iterator:
      // useful to avoid the overhead of temporary buffering in _M_replace.
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      replace(__const_iterator __i1, __const_iterator __i2,
              _CharT* __k1, _CharT* __k2)
      {
        _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(begin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
                                 && __i2 <= end());
        __glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__k1, __k2);
        return this->replace(__i1 - begin(), __i2 - __i1,
                             __k1, __k2 - __k1);
      }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      replace(__const_iterator __i1, __const_iterator __i2,
              const _CharT* __k1, const _CharT* __k2)
      {
        _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(begin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
                                 && __i2 <= end());
        __glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__k1, __k2);
        return this->replace(__i1 - begin(), __i2 - __i1,
                             __k1, __k2 - __k1);
      }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      replace(__const_iterator __i1, __const_iterator __i2,
              iterator __k1, iterator __k2)
      {
        _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(begin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
                                 && __i2 <= end());
        __glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__k1, __k2);
        return this->replace(__i1 - begin(), __i2 - __i1,
                             __k1.base(), __k2 - __k1);
      }
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      replace(__const_iterator __i1, __const_iterator __i2,
              const_iterator __k1, const_iterator __k2)
      {
        _GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT(begin() <= __i1 && __i1 <= __i2
                                 && __i2 <= end());
        __glibcxx_requires_valid_range(__k1, __k2);
        return this->replace(__i1 - begin(), __i2 - __i1,
                             __k1.base(), __k2 - __k1);
      }
 
#if __glibcxx_containers_ranges // C++ >= 23
      /**
       * @brief Replace part of the string with a range.
       * @param __rg A range of values that are convertible to `value_type`.
       * @since C++23
       *
       * The range `__rg` is allowed to overlap with `*this`.
       */
      template<__detail::__container_compatible_range<_CharT> _Rg>
        constexpr basic_string&
        replace_with_range(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, _Rg&& __rg)
        {
          if (__i1 == cend())
            append_range(std::forward<_Rg>(__rg));
          else
            {
              basic_string __s(from_range, std::forward<_Rg>(__rg),
                               _M_get_allocator());
              replace(__i1, __i2, __s);
            }
          return *this;
        }
#endif
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with initializer_list.
       *  @param __i1  Iterator referencing start of range to replace.
       *  @param __i2  Iterator referencing end of range to replace.
       *  @param __l  The initializer_list of characters to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Removes the characters in the range [__i1,__i2).  In place,
       *  characters in the range [__k1,__k2) are inserted.  If the
       *  length of result exceeds max_size(), length_error is thrown.
       *  The value of the string doesn't change if an error is
       *  thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string& replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
                            initializer_list<_CharT> __l)
      { return this->replace(__i1, __i2, __l.begin(), __l.size()); }
#endif // C++11
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with string_view.
       *  @param __pos  The position to replace at.
       *  @param __n    The number of characters to replace.
       *  @param __svt  The object convertible to string_view to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
      */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, basic_string&>
        replace(size_type __pos, size_type __n, const _Tp& __svt)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return this->replace(__pos, __n, __sv.data(), __sv.size());
        }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with string_view.
       *  @param __pos1  The position to replace at.
       *  @param __n1    The number of characters to replace.
       *  @param __svt   The object convertible to string_view to insert from.
       *  @param __pos2  The position in the string_view to insert from.
       *  @param __n2    The number of characters to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
      */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, basic_string&>
        replace(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const _Tp& __svt,
                size_type __pos2, size_type __n2 = npos)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return this->replace(__pos1, __n1,
              __sv.data()
              + std::__sv_check(__sv.size(), __pos2, "basic_string::replace"),
              std::__sv_limit(__sv.size(), __pos2, __n2));
        }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Replace range of characters with string_view.
       *  @param __i1    An iterator referencing the start position
          to replace at.
       *  @param __i2    An iterator referencing the end position
          for the replace.
       *  @param __svt   The object convertible to string_view to insert from.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
      */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, basic_string&>
        replace(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2, const _Tp& __svt)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return this->replace(__i1 - begin(), __i2 - __i1, __sv);
        }
#endif // C++17
 
    private:
      template<class _Integer>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        basic_string&
        _M_replace_dispatch(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
                            _Integer __n, _Integer __val, __true_type)
        { return _M_replace_aux(__i1 - begin(), __i2 - __i1, __n, __val); }
 
      template<class _InputIterator>
        _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        basic_string&
        _M_replace_dispatch(const_iterator __i1, const_iterator __i2,
                            _InputIterator __k1, _InputIterator __k2,
                            __false_type);
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      _M_replace_aux(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, size_type __n2,
                     _CharT __c);
 
      __attribute__((__noinline__, __noclone__, __cold__)) void
      _M_replace_cold(pointer __p, size_type __len1, const _CharT* __s,
                      const size_type __len2, const size_type __how_much);
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      _M_replace(size_type __pos, size_type __len1, const _CharT* __s,
                 const size_type __len2);
 
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string&
      _M_append(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n);
 
    public:
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Copy substring into C string.
       *  @param __s  C string to copy value into.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters to copy.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character to copy.
       *  @return  Number of characters actually copied
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If __pos > size().
       *
       *  Copies up to @a __n characters starting at @a __pos into the
       *  C string @a __s.  If @a __pos is %greater than size(),
       *  out_of_range is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      copy(_CharT* __s, size_type __n, size_type __pos = 0) const;
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Swap contents with another string.
       *  @param __s  String to swap with.
       *
       *  Exchanges the contents of this string with that of @a __s in constant
       *  time.
      */
      _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      void
      swap(basic_string& __s) _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;
 
      // String operations:
      /**
       *  @brief  Return const pointer to null-terminated contents.
       *
       *  This is a handle to internal data.  Do not modify or dire things may
       *  happen.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const _CharT*
      c_str() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return _M_data(); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Return const pointer to contents.
       *
       *  This is a pointer to internal data.  It is undefined to modify
       *  the contents through the returned pointer. To get a pointer that
       *  allows modifying the contents use @c &str[0] instead,
       *  (or in C++17 the non-const @c str.data() overload).
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      const _CharT*
      data() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return _M_data(); }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201703L
      /**
       *  @brief  Return non-const pointer to contents.
       *
       *  This is a pointer to the character sequence held by the string.
       *  Modifying the characters in the sequence is allowed.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      _CharT*
      data() noexcept
      { return _M_data(); }
#endif
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Return copy of allocator used to construct this string.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      allocator_type
      get_allocator() const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return _M_get_allocator(); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a C substring.
       *  @param __s  C string to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from @a s to search for.
       *  @return  Index of start of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for the first @a
       *  __n characters in @a __s within this string.  If found,
       *  returns the index where it begins.  If not found, returns
       *  npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a string.
       *  @param __str  String to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of start of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for value of @a __str within
       *  this string.  If found, returns the index where it begins.  If not
       *  found, returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = 0) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->find(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size()); }
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a string_view.
       *  @param __svt  The object convertible to string_view to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of start of first occurrence.
      */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, size_type>
        find(const _Tp& __svt, size_type __pos = 0) const
        noexcept(is_same<_Tp, __sv_type>::value)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return this->find(__sv.data(), __pos, __sv.size());
        }
#endif // C++17
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a C string.
       *  @param __s  C string to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of start of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for the value of @a
       *  __s within this string.  If found, returns the index where
       *  it begins.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = 0) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
        return this->find(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character.
       *  @param __c  Character to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for @a __c within
       *  this string.  If found, returns the index where it was
       *  found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = 0) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a string.
       *  @param __str  String to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of start of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for value of @a
       *  __str within this string.  If found, returns the index where
       *  it begins.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      rfind(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = npos) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->rfind(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size()); }
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a string_view.
       *  @param __svt  The object convertible to string_view to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of start of last occurrence.
      */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, size_type>
        rfind(const _Tp& __svt, size_type __pos = npos) const
        noexcept(is_same<_Tp, __sv_type>::value)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return this->rfind(__sv.data(), __pos, __sv.size());
        }
#endif // C++17
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a C substring.
       *  @param __s  C string to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from s to search for.
       *  @return  Index of start of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for the first @a
       *  __n characters in @a __s within this string.  If found,
       *  returns the index where it begins.  If not found, returns
       *  npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      rfind(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a C string.
       *  @param __s  C string to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to start search at (default end).
       *  @return  Index of start of  last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for the value of
       *  @a __s within this string.  If found, returns the index
       *  where it begins.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      rfind(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = npos) const
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
        return this->rfind(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character.
       *  @param __c  Character to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for @a __c within
       *  this string.  If found, returns the index where it was
       *  found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      rfind(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = npos) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character of string.
       *  @param __str  String containing characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for one of the
       *  characters of @a __str within this string.  If found,
       *  returns the index where it was found.  If not found, returns
       *  npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_first_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = 0) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->find_first_of(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size()); }
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character of a string_view.
       *  @param __svt  An object convertible to string_view containing
       *                characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
      */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, size_type>
        find_first_of(const _Tp& __svt, size_type __pos = 0) const
        noexcept(is_same<_Tp, __sv_type>::value)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return this->find_first_of(__sv.data(), __pos, __sv.size());
        }
#endif // C++17
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character of C substring.
       *  @param __s  String containing characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from s to search for.
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for one of the
       *  first @a __n characters of @a __s within this string.  If
       *  found, returns the index where it was found.  If not found,
       *  returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_first_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character of C string.
       *  @param __s  String containing characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for one of the
       *  characters of @a __s within this string.  If found, returns
       *  the index where it was found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_first_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = 0) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
        return this->find_first_of(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character.
       *  @param __c  Character to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for the character
       *  @a __c within this string.  If found, returns the index
       *  where it was found.  If not found, returns npos.
       *
       *  Note: equivalent to find(__c, __pos).
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_first_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = 0) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->find(__c, __pos); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character of string.
       *  @param __str  String containing characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for one of the
       *  characters of @a __str within this string.  If found,
       *  returns the index where it was found.  If not found, returns
       *  npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_last_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = npos) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->find_last_of(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size()); }
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character of string.
       *  @param __svt  An object convertible to string_view containing
       *                characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
      */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, size_type>
        find_last_of(const _Tp& __svt, size_type __pos = npos) const
        noexcept(is_same<_Tp, __sv_type>::value)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return this->find_last_of(__sv.data(), __pos, __sv.size());
        }
#endif // C++17
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character of C substring.
       *  @param __s  C string containing characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from s to search for.
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for one of the
       *  first @a __n characters of @a __s within this string.  If
       *  found, returns the index where it was found.  If not found,
       *  returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_last_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos, size_type __n) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character of C string.
       *  @param __s  C string containing characters to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for one of the
       *  characters of @a __s within this string.  If found, returns
       *  the index where it was found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_last_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = npos) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
        return this->find_last_of(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character.
       *  @param __c  Character to locate.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for @a __c within
       *  this string.  If found, returns the index where it was
       *  found.  If not found, returns npos.
       *
       *  Note: equivalent to rfind(__c, __pos).
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_last_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = npos) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->rfind(__c, __pos); }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character not in string.
       *  @param __str  String containing characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for a character not contained
       *  in @a __str within this string.  If found, returns the index where it
       *  was found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_first_not_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = 0) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->find_first_not_of(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size()); }
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character not in a string_view.
       *  @param __svt  A object convertible to string_view containing
       *                characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, size_type>
        find_first_not_of(const _Tp& __svt, size_type __pos = 0) const
        noexcept(is_same<_Tp, __sv_type>::value)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return this->find_first_not_of(__sv.data(), __pos, __sv.size());
        }
#endif // C++17
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character not in C substring.
       *  @param __s  C string containing characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from __s to consider.
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for a character not
       *  contained in the first @a __n characters of @a __s within
       *  this string.  If found, returns the index where it was
       *  found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_first_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos,
                        size_type __n) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a character not in C string.
       *  @param __s  C string containing characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for a character not
       *  contained in @a __s within this string.  If found, returns
       *  the index where it was found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_first_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = 0) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
        return this->find_first_not_of(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find position of a different character.
       *  @param __c  Character to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search from (default 0).
       *  @return  Index of first occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches forward for a character
       *  other than @a __c within this string.  If found, returns the
       *  index where it was found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_first_not_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = 0) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character not in string.
       *  @param __str  String containing characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for a character
       *  not contained in @a __str within this string.  If found,
       *  returns the index where it was found.  If not found, returns
       *  npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_last_not_of(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos = npos) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      { return this->find_last_not_of(__str.data(), __pos, __str.size()); }
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character not in a string_view.
       *  @param __svt  An object convertible to string_view containing
       *                characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, size_type>
        find_last_not_of(const _Tp& __svt, size_type __pos = npos) const
        noexcept(is_same<_Tp, __sv_type>::value)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return this->find_last_not_of(__sv.data(), __pos, __sv.size());
        }
#endif // C++17
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character not in C substring.
       *  @param __s  C string containing characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters from s to consider.
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for a character not
       *  contained in the first @a __n characters of @a __s within this string.
       *  If found, returns the index where it was found.  If not found,
       *  returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_last_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos,
                       size_type __n) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a character not in C string.
       *  @param __s  C string containing characters to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for a character
       *  not contained in @a __s within this string.  If found,
       *  returns the index where it was found.  If not found, returns
       *  npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_last_not_of(const _CharT* __s, size_type __pos = npos) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
        return this->find_last_not_of(__s, __pos, traits_type::length(__s));
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Find last position of a different character.
       *  @param __c  Character to avoid.
       *  @param __pos  Index of character to search back from (default end).
       *  @return  Index of last occurrence.
       *
       *  Starting from @a __pos, searches backward for a character other than
       *  @a __c within this string.  If found, returns the index where it was
       *  found.  If not found, returns npos.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      size_type
      find_last_not_of(_CharT __c, size_type __pos = npos) const
      _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT;
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Get a substring.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character (default 0).
       *  @param __n  Number of characters in substring (default remainder).
       *  @return  The new string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If __pos > size().
       *
       *  Construct and return a new string using the @a __n
       *  characters starting at @a __pos.  If the string is too
       *  short, use the remainder of the characters.  If @a __pos is
       *  beyond the end of the string, out_of_range is thrown.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      basic_string
      substr(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos) const
      { return basic_string(*this,
                            _M_check(__pos, "basic_string::substr"), __n); }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 202302L
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
      constexpr basic_string
      substr(size_type __pos = 0) &&
      { return basic_string(std::move(*this), __pos); }
 
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
      constexpr basic_string
      substr(size_type __pos, size_type __n) &&
      { return basic_string(std::move(*this), __pos, __n); }
#endif // C++23
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_subview // >= C++26
      /**
       *  @brief  Get a subview.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character (default 0).
       *  @param __n  Number of characters in subview (default remainder).
       *  @return  The subview.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If __pos > size().
       *
       *  Construct and return a subview using the `__n` characters starting at
       *  `__pos`.  If the string is too short, use the remainder of the
       *  characters.  If `__pos` is beyond the end of the string, out_of_range
       *  is thrown.
      */
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>
      subview(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos) const
      { return __sv_type(*this).subview(__pos, __n); }
#endif
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Compare to a string.
       *  @param __str  String to compare against.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       *
       *  Returns an integer < 0 if this string is ordered before @a
       *  __str, 0 if their values are equivalent, or > 0 if this
       *  string is ordered after @a __str.  Determines the effective
       *  length rlen of the strings to compare as the smallest of
       *  size() and str.size().  The function then compares the two
       *  strings by calling traits::compare(data(), str.data(),rlen).
       *  If the result of the comparison is nonzero returns it,
       *  otherwise the shorter one is ordered first.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      int
      compare(const basic_string& __str) const
      {
        const size_type __size = this->size();
        const size_type __osize = __str.size();
        const size_type __len = std::min(__size, __osize);
 
        int __r = traits_type::compare(_M_data(), __str.data(), __len);
        if (!__r)
          __r = _S_compare(__size, __osize);
        return __r;
      }
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
      /**
       *  @brief  Compare to a string_view.
       *  @param __svt An object convertible to string_view to compare against.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, int>
        compare(const _Tp& __svt) const
        noexcept(is_same<_Tp, __sv_type>::value)
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          const size_type __size = this->size();
          const size_type __osize = __sv.size();
          const size_type __len = std::min(__size, __osize);
 
          int __r = traits_type::compare(_M_data(), __sv.data(), __len);
          if (!__r)
            __r = _S_compare(__size, __osize);
          return __r;
        }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Compare to a string_view.
       *  @param __pos  A position in the string to start comparing from.
       *  @param __n  The number of characters to compare.
       *  @param __svt  An object convertible to string_view to compare
       *                against.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, int>
        compare(size_type __pos, size_type __n, const _Tp& __svt) const
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return __sv_type(*this).substr(__pos, __n).compare(__sv);
        }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Compare to a string_view.
       *  @param __pos1  A position in the string to start comparing from.
       *  @param __n1  The number of characters to compare.
       *  @param __svt  An object convertible to string_view to compare
       *                against.
       *  @param __pos2  A position in the string_view to start comparing from.
       *  @param __n2  The number of characters to compare.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       */
      template<typename _Tp>
        _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
        _If_sv<_Tp, int>
        compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const _Tp& __svt,
                size_type __pos2, size_type __n2 = npos) const
        {
          __sv_type __sv = __svt;
          return __sv_type(*this)
            .substr(__pos1, __n1).compare(__sv.substr(__pos2, __n2));
        }
#endif // C++17
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Compare substring to a string.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character of substring.
       *  @param __n  Number of characters in substring.
       *  @param __str  String to compare against.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       *
       *  Form the substring of this string from the @a __n characters
       *  starting at @a __pos.  Returns an integer < 0 if the
       *  substring is ordered before @a __str, 0 if their values are
       *  equivalent, or > 0 if the substring is ordered after @a
       *  __str.  Determines the effective length rlen of the strings
       *  to compare as the smallest of the length of the substring
       *  and @a __str.size().  The function then compares the two
       *  strings by calling
       *  traits::compare(substring.data(),str.data(),rlen).  If the
       *  result of the comparison is nonzero returns it, otherwise
       *  the shorter one is ordered first.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      int
      compare(size_type __pos, size_type __n, const basic_string& __str) const
      {
        _M_check(__pos, "basic_string::compare");
        __n = _M_limit(__pos, __n);
        const size_type __osize = __str.size();
        const size_type __len = std::min(__n, __osize);
        int __r = traits_type::compare(_M_data() + __pos, __str.data(), __len);
        if (!__r)
          __r = _S_compare(__n, __osize);
        return __r;
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Compare substring to a substring.
       *  @param __pos1  Index of first character of substring.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters in substring.
       *  @param __str  String to compare against.
       *  @param __pos2  Index of first character of substring of str.
       *  @param __n2  Number of characters in substring of str.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       *
       *  Form the substring of this string from the @a __n1
       *  characters starting at @a __pos1.  Form the substring of @a
       *  __str from the @a __n2 characters starting at @a __pos2.
       *  Returns an integer < 0 if this substring is ordered before
       *  the substring of @a __str, 0 if their values are equivalent,
       *  or > 0 if this substring is ordered after the substring of
       *  @a __str.  Determines the effective length rlen of the
       *  strings to compare as the smallest of the lengths of the
       *  substrings.  The function then compares the two strings by
       *  calling
       *  traits::compare(substring.data(),str.substr(pos2,n2).data(),rlen).
       *  If the result of the comparison is nonzero returns it,
       *  otherwise the shorter one is ordered first.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      int
      compare(size_type __pos1, size_type __n1, const basic_string& __str,
              size_type __pos2, size_type __n2 = npos) const
      {
        _M_check(__pos1, "basic_string::compare");
        __str._M_check(__pos2, "basic_string::compare");
        __n1 = _M_limit(__pos1, __n1);
        __n2 = __str._M_limit(__pos2, __n2);
        const size_type __len = std::min(__n1, __n2);
        int __r = traits_type::compare(_M_data() + __pos1,
                                       __str.data() + __pos2, __len);
        if (!__r)
          __r = _S_compare(__n1, __n2);
        return __r;
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Compare to a C string.
       *  @param __s  C string to compare against.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       *
       *  Returns an integer < 0 if this string is ordered before @a __s, 0 if
       *  their values are equivalent, or > 0 if this string is ordered after
       *  @a __s.  Determines the effective length rlen of the strings to
       *  compare as the smallest of size() and the length of a string
       *  constructed from @a __s.  The function then compares the two strings
       *  by calling traits::compare(data(),s,rlen).  If the result of the
       *  comparison is nonzero returns it, otherwise the shorter one is
       *  ordered first.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      int
      compare(const _CharT* __s) const _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
        const size_type __size = this->size();
        const size_type __osize = traits_type::length(__s);
        const size_type __len = std::min(__size, __osize);
        int __r = traits_type::compare(_M_data(), __s, __len);
        if (!__r)
          __r = _S_compare(__size, __osize);
        return __r;
      }
 
      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // 5 String::compare specification questionable
      /**
       *  @brief  Compare substring to a C string.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character of substring.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters in substring.
       *  @param __s  C string to compare against.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       *
       *  Form the substring of this string from the @a __n1
       *  characters starting at @a pos.  Returns an integer < 0 if
       *  the substring is ordered before @a __s, 0 if their values
       *  are equivalent, or > 0 if the substring is ordered after @a
       *  __s.  Determines the effective length rlen of the strings to
       *  compare as the smallest of the length of the substring and
       *  the length of a string constructed from @a __s.  The
       *  function then compares the two string by calling
       *  traits::compare(substring.data(),__s,rlen).  If the result of
       *  the comparison is nonzero returns it, otherwise the shorter
       *  one is ordered first.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      int
      compare(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s) const
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
        _M_check(__pos, "basic_string::compare");
        __n1 = _M_limit(__pos, __n1);
        const size_type __osize = traits_type::length(__s);
        const size_type __len = std::min(__n1, __osize);
        int __r = traits_type::compare(_M_data() + __pos, __s, __len);
        if (!__r)
          __r = _S_compare(__n1, __osize);
        return __r;
      }
 
      /**
       *  @brief  Compare substring against a character %array.
       *  @param __pos  Index of first character of substring.
       *  @param __n1  Number of characters in substring.
       *  @param __s  character %array to compare against.
       *  @param __n2  Number of characters of s.
       *  @return  Integer < 0, 0, or > 0.
       *
       *  Form the substring of this string from the @a __n1
       *  characters starting at @a __pos.  Form a string from the
       *  first @a __n2 characters of @a __s.  Returns an integer < 0
       *  if this substring is ordered before the string from @a __s,
       *  0 if their values are equivalent, or > 0 if this substring
       *  is ordered after the string from @a __s.  Determines the
       *  effective length rlen of the strings to compare as the
       *  smallest of the length of the substring and @a __n2.  The
       *  function then compares the two strings by calling
       *  traits::compare(substring.data(),s,rlen).  If the result of
       *  the comparison is nonzero returns it, otherwise the shorter
       *  one is ordered first.
       *
       *  NB: s must have at least n2 characters, &apos;\\0&apos; has
       *  no special meaning.
      */
      _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
      int
      compare(size_type __pos, size_type __n1, const _CharT* __s,
              size_type __n2) const
      {
        __glibcxx_requires_string_len(__s, __n2);
        _M_check(__pos, "basic_string::compare");
        __n1 = _M_limit(__pos, __n1);
        const size_type __len = std::min(__n1, __n2);
        int __r = traits_type::compare(_M_data() + __pos, __s, __len);
        if (!__r)
          __r = _S_compare(__n1, __n2);
        return __r;
      }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr bool
      starts_with(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __x) const noexcept
      { return __sv_type(this->data(), this->size()).starts_with(__x); }
 
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr bool
      starts_with(_CharT __x) const noexcept
      { return __sv_type(this->data(), this->size()).starts_with(__x); }
 
      [[nodiscard, __gnu__::__nonnull__]]
      constexpr bool
      starts_with(const _CharT* __x) const noexcept
      { return __sv_type(this->data(), this->size()).starts_with(__x); }
 
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr bool
      ends_with(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __x) const noexcept
      { return __sv_type(this->data(), this->size()).ends_with(__x); }
 
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr bool
      ends_with(_CharT __x) const noexcept
      { return __sv_type(this->data(), this->size()).ends_with(__x); }
 
      [[nodiscard, __gnu__::__nonnull__]]
      constexpr bool
      ends_with(const _CharT* __x) const noexcept
      { return __sv_type(this->data(), this->size()).ends_with(__x); }
#endif // C++20
 
#if __cplusplus > 202002L
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr bool
      contains(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits> __x) const noexcept
      { return __sv_type(this->data(), this->size()).contains(__x); }
 
      [[nodiscard]]
      constexpr bool
      contains(_CharT __x) const noexcept
      { return __sv_type(this->data(), this->size()).contains(__x); }
 
      [[nodiscard, __gnu__::__nonnull__]]
      constexpr bool
      contains(const _CharT* __x) const noexcept
      { return __sv_type(this->data(), this->size()).contains(__x); }
#endif // C++23
 
      // Allow basic_stringbuf::__xfer_bufptrs to call _M_length:
      template<typename, typename, typename> friend class basic_stringbuf;
    };
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_CXX11
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace std
#endif  // _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI
 
namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
 
#if __cpp_deduction_guides >= 201606
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CXX11
  template<typename _InputIterator, typename _CharT
             = typename iterator_traits<_InputIterator>::value_type,
           typename _Allocator = allocator<_CharT>,
           typename = _RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>,
           typename = _RequireAllocator<_Allocator>>
    basic_string(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Allocator = _Allocator())
      -> basic_string<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT>, _Allocator>;
 
  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
  // 3075. basic_string needs deduction guides from basic_string_view
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits,
           typename _Allocator = allocator<_CharT>,
           typename = _RequireAllocator<_Allocator>>
    basic_string(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>, const _Allocator& = _Allocator())
      -> basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
 
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits,
           typename _Allocator = allocator<_CharT>,
           typename = _RequireAllocator<_Allocator>>
    basic_string(basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>,
                 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type,
                 typename basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>::size_type,
                 const _Allocator& = _Allocator())
      -> basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;
 
#if __glibcxx_containers_ranges // C++ >= 23
  template<ranges::input_range _Rg,
           typename _Allocator = allocator<ranges::range_value_t<_Rg>>>
    basic_string(from_range_t, _Rg&&, _Allocator = _Allocator())
      -> basic_string<ranges::range_value_t<_Rg>,
                      char_traits<ranges::range_value_t<_Rg>>,
                      _Allocator>;
#endif
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_CXX11
#endif
 
  template<typename _Str>
    _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline _Str
    __str_concat(typename _Str::value_type const* __lhs,
                 typename _Str::size_type __lhs_len,
                 typename _Str::value_type const* __rhs,
                 typename _Str::size_type __rhs_len,
                 typename _Str::allocator_type const& __a)
    {
      typedef typename _Str::allocator_type allocator_type;
      typedef __gnu_cxx::__alloc_traits<allocator_type> _Alloc_traits;
      _Str __str(_Alloc_traits::_S_select_on_copy(__a));
      __str.reserve(__lhs_len + __rhs_len);
      __str.append(__lhs, __lhs_len);
      __str.append(__rhs, __rhs_len);
      return __str;
    }
 
  // operator+
  /**
   *  @brief  Concatenate two strings.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Last string.
   *  @return  New string with value of @a __lhs followed by @a __rhs.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
              const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    {
      typedef basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc> _Str;
      return std::__str_concat<_Str>(__lhs.c_str(), __lhs.size(),
                                     __rhs.c_str(), __rhs.size(),
                                     __lhs.get_allocator());
    }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Concatenate C string and string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Last string.
   *  @return  New string with value of @a __lhs followed by @a __rhs.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Alloc>
    operator+(const _CharT* __lhs,
              const basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Alloc>& __rhs)
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string(__lhs);
      typedef basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc> _Str;
      return std::__str_concat<_Str>(__lhs, _Traits::length(__lhs),
                                     __rhs.c_str(), __rhs.size(),
                                     __rhs.get_allocator());
    }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Concatenate character and string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Last string.
   *  @return  New string with @a __lhs followed by @a __rhs.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Alloc>
    operator+(_CharT __lhs, const basic_string<_CharT,_Traits,_Alloc>& __rhs)
    {
      typedef basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc> _Str;
      return std::__str_concat<_Str>(__builtin_addressof(__lhs), 1,
                                     __rhs.c_str(), __rhs.size(),
                                     __rhs.get_allocator());
    }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Concatenate string and C string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Last string.
   *  @return  New string with @a __lhs followed by @a __rhs.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
              const _CharT* __rhs)
    {
      __glibcxx_requires_string(__rhs);
      typedef basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc> _Str;
      return std::__str_concat<_Str>(__lhs.c_str(), __lhs.size(),
                                     __rhs, _Traits::length(__rhs),
                                     __lhs.get_allocator());
    }
  /**
   *  @brief  Concatenate string and character.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Last string.
   *  @return  New string with @a __lhs followed by @a __rhs.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs, _CharT __rhs)
    {
      typedef basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc> _Str;
      return std::__str_concat<_Str>(__lhs.c_str(), __lhs.size(),
                                     __builtin_addressof(__rhs), 1,
                                     __lhs.get_allocator());
    }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&& __lhs,
              const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    { return std::move(__lhs.append(__rhs)); }
 
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
              basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&& __rhs)
    { return std::move(__rhs.insert(0, __lhs)); }
 
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&& __lhs,
              basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&& __rhs)
    {
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wc++17-extensions" // if constexpr
      // Return value must use __lhs.get_allocator(), but if __rhs has equal
      // allocator then we can choose which parameter to modify in-place.
      bool __use_rhs = false;
      if constexpr (allocator_traits<_Alloc>::is_always_equal::value)
        __use_rhs = true;
      else if (__lhs.get_allocator() == __rhs.get_allocator())
        __use_rhs = true;
      if (__use_rhs)
        {
          const auto __size = __lhs.size() + __rhs.size();
          if (__size > __lhs.capacity() && __size <= __rhs.capacity())
            return std::move(__rhs.insert(0, __lhs));
        }
      return std::move(__lhs.append(__rhs));
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
    }
 
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(const _CharT* __lhs,
              basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&& __rhs)
    { return std::move(__rhs.insert(0, __lhs)); }
 
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(_CharT __lhs,
              basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&& __rhs)
    { return std::move(__rhs.insert(0, 1, __lhs)); }
 
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&& __lhs,
              const _CharT* __rhs)
    { return std::move(__lhs.append(__rhs)); }
 
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&& __lhs,
              _CharT __rhs)
    { return std::move(__lhs.append(1, __rhs)); }
#endif
 
#if __glibcxx_string_view >= 202403L
  // const string & + string_view
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    [[nodiscard]]
    constexpr basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
               type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __rhs)
    {
      using _Str = basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>;
      return std::__str_concat<_Str>(__lhs.data(), __lhs.size(),
                                      __rhs.data(), __rhs.size(),
                                      __lhs.get_allocator());
    }
 
  // string && + string_view
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    [[nodiscard]]
    constexpr basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&& __lhs,
               type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __rhs)
    {
      return std::move(__lhs.append(__rhs));
    }
 
  // string_view + const string &
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    [[nodiscard]]
    constexpr basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __lhs,
               const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    {
      using _Str = basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>;
      return std::__str_concat<_Str>(__lhs.data(), __lhs.size(),
                                      __rhs.data(), __rhs.size(),
                                      __rhs.get_allocator());
    }
 
  // string_view + string &&
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    [[nodiscard]]
    constexpr basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>
    operator+(type_identity_t<basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>> __lhs,
               basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&& __rhs)
    {
      return std::move(__rhs.insert(0, __lhs));
    }
#endif
 
  // operator ==
  /**
   *  @brief  Test equivalence of two strings.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs.compare(@a __rhs) == 0.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline bool
    operator==(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
               const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
    {
      return __lhs.size() == __rhs.size()
               && !_Traits::compare(__lhs.data(), __rhs.data(), __lhs.size());
    }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Test equivalence of string and C string.
   *  @param __lhs  String.
   *  @param __rhs  C string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs.compare(@a __rhs) == 0.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline bool
    operator==(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
               const _CharT* __rhs)
    {
      return __lhs.size() == _Traits::length(__rhs)
               && !_Traits::compare(__lhs.data(), __rhs, __lhs.size());
    }
 
#if __cpp_lib_three_way_comparison
  /**
   *  @brief  Three-way comparison of a string and a C string.
   *  @param __lhs  A string.
   *  @param __rhs  A null-terminated string.
   *  @return  A value indicating whether `__lhs` is less than, equal to,
   *           greater than, or incomparable with `__rhs`.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    [[nodiscard]]
    constexpr auto
    operator<=>(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
                const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs) noexcept
    -> decltype(__detail::__char_traits_cmp_cat<_Traits>(0))
    { return __detail::__char_traits_cmp_cat<_Traits>(__lhs.compare(__rhs)); }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Three-way comparison of a string and a C string.
   *  @param __lhs  A string.
   *  @param __rhs  A null-terminated string.
   *  @return  A value indicating whether `__lhs` is less than, equal to,
   *           greater than, or incomparable with `__rhs`.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    [[nodiscard]]
    constexpr auto
    operator<=>(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
                const _CharT* __rhs) noexcept
    -> decltype(__detail::__char_traits_cmp_cat<_Traits>(0))
    { return __detail::__char_traits_cmp_cat<_Traits>(__lhs.compare(__rhs)); }
#else
  /**
   *  @brief  Test equivalence of C string and string.
   *  @param __lhs  C string.
   *  @param __rhs  String.
   *  @return  True if @a __rhs.compare(@a __lhs) == 0.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator==(const _CharT* __lhs,
               const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    { return __rhs == __lhs; }
 
  // operator !=
  /**
   *  @brief  Test difference of two strings.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs.compare(@a __rhs) != 0.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator!=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
               const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
    { return !(__lhs == __rhs); }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Test difference of C string and string.
   *  @param __lhs  C string.
   *  @param __rhs  String.
   *  @return  True if @a __rhs.compare(@a __lhs) != 0.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator!=(const _CharT* __lhs,
               const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    { return !(__rhs == __lhs); }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Test difference of string and C string.
   *  @param __lhs  String.
   *  @param __rhs  C string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs.compare(@a __rhs) != 0.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator!=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
               const _CharT* __rhs)
    { return !(__lhs == __rhs); }
 
  // operator <
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if string precedes string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs precedes @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator<(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
              const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) < 0; }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if string precedes C string.
   *  @param __lhs  String.
   *  @param __rhs  C string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs precedes @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator<(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
              const _CharT* __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) < 0; }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if C string precedes string.
   *  @param __lhs  C string.
   *  @param __rhs  String.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs precedes @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator<(const _CharT* __lhs,
              const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    { return __rhs.compare(__lhs) > 0; }
 
  // operator >
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if string follows string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs follows @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator>(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
              const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) > 0; }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if string follows C string.
   *  @param __lhs  String.
   *  @param __rhs  C string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs follows @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator>(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
              const _CharT* __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) > 0; }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if C string follows string.
   *  @param __lhs  C string.
   *  @param __rhs  String.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs follows @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator>(const _CharT* __lhs,
              const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    { return __rhs.compare(__lhs) < 0; }
 
  // operator <=
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if string doesn't follow string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs doesn't follow @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator<=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
               const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) <= 0; }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if string doesn't follow C string.
   *  @param __lhs  String.
   *  @param __rhs  C string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs doesn't follow @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator<=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
               const _CharT* __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) <= 0; }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if C string doesn't follow string.
   *  @param __lhs  C string.
   *  @param __rhs  String.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs doesn't follow @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator<=(const _CharT* __lhs,
               const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    { return __rhs.compare(__lhs) >= 0; }
 
  // operator >=
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if string doesn't precede string.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs doesn't precede @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator>=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
               const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) >= 0; }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if string doesn't precede C string.
   *  @param __lhs  String.
   *  @param __rhs  C string.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs doesn't precede @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator>=(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
               const _CharT* __rhs)
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) >= 0; }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Test if C string doesn't precede string.
   *  @param __lhs  C string.
   *  @param __rhs  String.
   *  @return  True if @a __lhs doesn't precede @a __rhs.  False otherwise.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
    inline bool
    operator>=(const _CharT* __lhs,
             const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    { return __rhs.compare(__lhs) <= 0; }
#endif // three-way comparison
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Swap contents of two strings.
   *  @param __lhs  First string.
   *  @param __rhs  Second string.
   *
   *  Exchanges the contents of @a __lhs and @a __rhs in constant time.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
    inline void
    swap(basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __lhs,
         basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __rhs)
    _GLIBCXX_NOEXCEPT_IF(noexcept(__lhs.swap(__rhs)))
    { __lhs.swap(__rhs); }
 
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Read stream into a string.
   *  @param __is  Input stream.
   *  @param __str  Buffer to store into.
   *  @return  Reference to the input stream.
   *
   *  Stores characters from @a __is into @a __str until whitespace is
   *  found, the end of the stream is encountered, or str.max_size()
   *  is reached.  If is.width() is non-zero, that is the limit on the
   *  number of characters stored into @a __str.  Any previous
   *  contents of @a __str are erased.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
    operator>>(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
               basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __str);
 
  template<>
    basic_istream<char>&
    operator>>(basic_istream<char>& __is, basic_string<char>& __str);
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Write string to a stream.
   *  @param __os  Output stream.
   *  @param __str  String to write out.
   *  @return  Reference to the output stream.
   *
   *  Output characters of @a __str into os following the same rules as for
   *  writing a C string.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    inline basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
    operator<<(basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os,
               const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __str)
    {
      // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
      // 586. string inserter not a formatted function
      return __ostream_insert(__os, __str.data(), __str.size());
    }
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Read a line from stream into a string.
   *  @param __is  Input stream.
   *  @param __str  Buffer to store into.
   *  @param __delim  Character marking end of line.
   *  @return  Reference to the input stream.
   *
   *  Stores characters from @a __is into @a __str until @a __delim is
   *  found, the end of the stream is encountered, or str.max_size()
   *  is reached.  Any previous contents of @a __str are erased.  If
   *  @a __delim is encountered, it is extracted but not stored into
   *  @a __str.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
    getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
            basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __str, _CharT __delim);
 
  /**
   *  @brief  Read a line from stream into a string.
   *  @param __is  Input stream.
   *  @param __str  Buffer to store into.
   *  @return  Reference to the input stream.
   *
   *  Stores characters from is into @a __str until &apos;\n&apos; is
   *  found, the end of the stream is encountered, or str.max_size()
   *  is reached.  Any previous contents of @a __str are erased.  If
   *  end of line is encountered, it is extracted but not stored into
   *  @a __str.
   */
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    inline basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
    getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is,
            basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __str)
    { return std::getline(__is, __str, __is.widen('\n')); }
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
  /// Read a line from an rvalue stream into a string.
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    inline basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
    getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&& __is,
            basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __str, _CharT __delim)
    { return std::getline(__is, __str, __delim); }
 
  /// Read a line from an rvalue stream into a string.
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    inline basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
    getline(basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&& __is,
            basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __str)
    { return std::getline(__is, __str); }
#endif
 
  template<>
    basic_istream<char>&
    getline(basic_istream<char>& __in, basic_string<char>& __str,
            char __delim);
 
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  template<>
    basic_istream<wchar_t>&
    getline(basic_istream<wchar_t>& __in, basic_string<wchar_t>& __str,
            wchar_t __delim);
#endif
 
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
 
#include <ext/string_conversions.h>
#include <bits/charconv.h>
 
namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CXX11
 
  // 21.4 Numeric Conversions [string.conversions].
  inline int
  stoi(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa<long, int>(&std::strtol, "stoi", __str.c_str(),
                                        __idx, __base); }
 
  inline long
  stol(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtol, "stol", __str.c_str(),
                             __idx, __base); }
 
  inline unsigned long
  stoul(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtoul, "stoul", __str.c_str(),
                             __idx, __base); }
 
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_STDLIB
  inline long long
  stoll(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtoll, "stoll", __str.c_str(),
                             __idx, __base); }
 
  inline unsigned long long
  stoull(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtoull, "stoull", __str.c_str(),
                             __idx, __base); }
#elif __LONG_WIDTH__ == __LONG_LONG_WIDTH__
  inline long long
  stoll(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return std::stol(__str, __idx, __base); }
 
  inline unsigned long long
  stoull(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return std::stoul(__str, __idx, __base); }
#endif
 
  inline double
  stod(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtod, "stod", __str.c_str(), __idx); }
 
#if _GLIBCXX_HAVE_STRTOF
  // NB: strtof vs strtod.
  inline float
  stof(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtof, "stof", __str.c_str(), __idx); }
#else
  inline float
  stof(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0)
  {
    double __d = std::stod(__str, __idx);
    if (__builtin_isfinite(__d) && __d != 0.0)
      {
        double __abs_d = __builtin_fabs(__d);
        if (__abs_d < __FLT_MIN__ || __abs_d > __FLT_MAX__)
          {
            errno = ERANGE;
            std::__throw_out_of_range("stof");
          }
      }
    return __d;
  }
#endif
 
#if _GLIBCXX_HAVE_STRTOLD && ! _GLIBCXX_HAVE_BROKEN_STRTOLD
  inline long double
  stold(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::strtold, "stold", __str.c_str(), __idx); }
#elif __DBL_MANT_DIG__ == __LDBL_MANT_DIG__
  inline long double
  stold(const string& __str, size_t* __idx = 0)
  { return std::stod(__str, __idx); }
#endif
 
  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
  // DR 1261. Insufficent overloads for to_string / to_wstring
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline string
  to_string(int __val)
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI && (__CHAR_BIT__ * __SIZEOF_INT__) <= 32
  noexcept // any 32-bit value fits in the SSO buffer
#endif
  {
    const bool __neg = __val < 0;
    const unsigned __uval = __neg ? (unsigned)~__val + 1u : __val;
    const auto __len = __detail::__to_chars_len(__uval);
    string __str;
    __str.__resize_and_overwrite(__neg + __len, [=](char* __p, size_t __n) {
      __p[0] = '-';
      __detail::__to_chars_10_impl(__p + (int)__neg, __len, __uval);
      return __n;
    });
    return __str;
  }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline string
  to_string(unsigned __val)
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI && (__CHAR_BIT__ * __SIZEOF_INT__) <= 32
  noexcept // any 32-bit value fits in the SSO buffer
#endif
  {
    const auto __len = __detail::__to_chars_len(__val);
    string __str;
    __str.__resize_and_overwrite(__len, [__val](char* __p, size_t __n) {
      __detail::__to_chars_10_impl(__p, __n, __val);
      return __n;
    });
    return __str;
  }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline string
  to_string(long __val)
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI && (__CHAR_BIT__ * __SIZEOF_LONG__) <= 32
  noexcept // any 32-bit value fits in the SSO buffer
#endif
  {
    const bool __neg = __val < 0;
    const unsigned long __uval = __neg ? (unsigned long)~__val + 1ul : __val;
    const auto __len = __detail::__to_chars_len(__uval);
    string __str;
    __str.__resize_and_overwrite(__neg + __len, [=](char* __p, size_t __n) {
      __p[0] = '-';
      __detail::__to_chars_10_impl(__p + (int)__neg, __len, __uval);
      return __n;
    });
    return __str;
  }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline string
  to_string(unsigned long __val)
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI && (__CHAR_BIT__ * __SIZEOF_LONG__) <= 32
  noexcept // any 32-bit value fits in the SSO buffer
#endif
  {
    const auto __len = __detail::__to_chars_len(__val);
    string __str;
    __str.__resize_and_overwrite(__len, [__val](char* __p, size_t __n) {
      __detail::__to_chars_10_impl(__p, __n, __val);
      return __n;
    });
    return __str;
  }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline string
  to_string(long long __val)
  {
    const bool __neg = __val < 0;
    const unsigned long long __uval
      = __neg ? (unsigned long long)~__val + 1ull : __val;
    const auto __len = __detail::__to_chars_len(__uval);
    string __str;
    __str.__resize_and_overwrite(__neg + __len, [=](char* __p, size_t __n) {
      __p[0] = '-';
      __detail::__to_chars_10_impl(__p + (int)__neg, __len, __uval);
      return __n;
    });
    return __str;
  }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline string
  to_string(unsigned long long __val)
  {
    const auto __len = __detail::__to_chars_len(__val);
    string __str;
    __str.__resize_and_overwrite(__len, [__val](char* __p, size_t __n) {
      __detail::__to_chars_10_impl(__p, __n, __val);
      return __n;
    });
    return __str;
  }
 
#if __glibcxx_to_string >= 202306L // C++ >= 26
 
  [[nodiscard]]
  inline string
  to_string(float __val)
  {
    string __str;
    size_t __len = 15;
    do {
      __str.resize_and_overwrite(__len,
                                 [__val, &__len] (char* __p, size_t __n) {
        auto [__end, __err] = std::to_chars(__p, __p + __n, __val);
        if (__err == errc{}) [[likely]]
          return __end - __p;
        __len *= 2;
        return __p - __p;;
      });
    } while (__str.empty());
    return __str;
  }
 
  [[nodiscard]]
  inline string
  to_string(double __val)
  {
    string __str;
    size_t __len = 15;
    do {
      __str.resize_and_overwrite(__len,
                                 [__val, &__len] (char* __p, size_t __n) {
        auto [__end, __err] = std::to_chars(__p, __p + __n, __val);
        if (__err == errc{}) [[likely]]
          return __end - __p;
        __len *= 2;
        return __p - __p;;
      });
    } while (__str.empty());
    return __str;
  }
 
  [[nodiscard]]
  inline string
  to_string(long double __val)
  {
    string __str;
    size_t __len = 15;
    do {
      __str.resize_and_overwrite(__len,
                                 [__val, &__len] (char* __p, size_t __n) {
        auto [__end, __err] = std::to_chars(__p, __p + __n, __val);
        if (__err == errc{}) [[likely]]
          return __end - __p;
        __len *= 2;
        return __p - __p;;
      });
    } while (__str.empty());
    return __str;
  }
#elif _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_STDIO
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wsuggest-attribute=format"
  // NB: (v)snprintf vs sprintf.
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline string
  to_string(float __val)
  {
    const int __n =
      __gnu_cxx::__numeric_traits<float>::__max_exponent10 + 20;
    return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<string>(&std::vsnprintf, __n,
                                           "%f", __val);
  }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline string
  to_string(double __val)
  {
    const int __n =
      __gnu_cxx::__numeric_traits<double>::__max_exponent10 + 20;
    return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<string>(&std::vsnprintf, __n,
                                           "%f", __val);
  }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline string
  to_string(long double __val)
  {
    const int __n =
      __gnu_cxx::__numeric_traits<long double>::__max_exponent10 + 20;
    return __gnu_cxx::__to_xstring<string>(&std::vsnprintf, __n,
                                           "%Lf", __val);
  }
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif // _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_STDIO
 
#if defined(_GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T) && _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_WCHAR
  inline int
  stoi(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa<long, int>(&std::wcstol, "stoi", __str.c_str(),
                                        __idx, __base); }
 
  inline long
  stol(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstol, "stol", __str.c_str(),
                             __idx, __base); }
 
  inline unsigned long
  stoul(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstoul, "stoul", __str.c_str(),
                             __idx, __base); }
 
  inline long long
  stoll(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstoll, "stoll", __str.c_str(),
                             __idx, __base); }
 
  inline unsigned long long
  stoull(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0, int __base = 10)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstoull, "stoull", __str.c_str(),
                             __idx, __base); }
 
  // NB: wcstof vs wcstod.
  inline float
  stof(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstof, "stof", __str.c_str(), __idx); }
 
  inline double
  stod(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstod, "stod", __str.c_str(), __idx); }
 
  inline long double
  stold(const wstring& __str, size_t* __idx = 0)
  { return __gnu_cxx::__stoa(&std::wcstold, "stold", __str.c_str(), __idx); }
#endif
 
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wc++17-extensions"
  _GLIBCXX20_CONSTEXPR
  inline void
  __to_wstring_numeric(const char* __s, int __len, wchar_t* __wout)
  {
    // This condition is true if exec-charset and wide-exec-charset share the
    // same values for the ASCII subset or the EBCDIC invariant character set.
    if constexpr (wchar_t('0') == L'0' && wchar_t('-') == L'-'
                    && wchar_t('.') == L'.' && wchar_t('e') == L'e')
      {
        for (int __i = 0; __i < __len; ++__i)
          __wout[__i] = (wchar_t) __s[__i];
      }
    else
      {
        wchar_t __wc[256];
        for (int __i = '0'; __i <= '9'; ++__i)
          __wc[__i] = L'0' + __i;
        __wc['.'] = L'.';
        __wc['+'] = L'+';
        __wc['-'] = L'-';
        __wc['a'] = L'a';
        __wc['b'] = L'b';
        __wc['c'] = L'c';
        __wc['d'] = L'd';
        __wc['e'] = L'e';
        __wc['f'] = L'f';
        __wc['i'] = L'i'; // for "inf"
        __wc['n'] = L'n'; // for "nan" and "inf"
        __wc['p'] = L'p'; // for hexfloats "0x1p1"
        __wc['x'] = L'x';
        __wc['A'] = L'A';
        __wc['B'] = L'B';
        __wc['C'] = L'C';
        __wc['D'] = L'D';
        __wc['E'] = L'E';
        __wc['F'] = L'F';
        __wc['I'] = L'I';
        __wc['N'] = L'N';
        __wc['P'] = L'P';
        __wc['X'] = L'X';
 
        for (int __i = 0; __i < __len; ++__i)
          __wout[__i] = __wc[(int)__s[__i]];
      }
  }
 
#if __glibcxx_constexpr_string >= 201907L
  constexpr
#endif
  inline wstring
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_view // >= C++17
  __to_wstring_numeric(string_view __s)
#else
  __to_wstring_numeric(const string& __s)
#endif
  {
    if constexpr (wchar_t('0') == L'0' && wchar_t('-') == L'-'
                    && wchar_t('.') == L'.' && wchar_t('e') == L'e')
      return wstring(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size());
    else
      {
        wstring __ws;
        auto __f = __s.data();
        __ws.__resize_and_overwrite(__s.size(),
                                    [__f] (wchar_t* __to, int __n) {
                                      std::__to_wstring_numeric(__f, __n, __to);
                                      return __n;
                                    });
        return __ws;
      }
  }
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline wstring
  to_wstring(int __val)
  { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline wstring
  to_wstring(unsigned __val)
  { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline wstring
  to_wstring(long __val)
  { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline wstring
  to_wstring(unsigned long __val)
  { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline wstring
  to_wstring(long long __val)
  { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline wstring
  to_wstring(unsigned long long __val)
  { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
 
#if __glibcxx_to_string || _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_STDIO
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline wstring
  to_wstring(float __val)
  { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline wstring
  to_wstring(double __val)
  { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
 
  _GLIBCXX_NODISCARD
  inline wstring
  to_wstring(long double __val)
  { return std::__to_wstring_numeric(std::to_string(__val)); }
#endif
#endif // _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
 
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_CXX11
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace
 
#endif /* C++11 */
 
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
 
#include <bits/functional_hash.h>
 
namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
 
  // _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS
  // 3705. Hashability shouldn't depend on basic_string's allocator
 
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Alloc,
           typename _StrT = basic_string<_CharT, char_traits<_CharT>, _Alloc>>
    struct __str_hash_base
    : public __hash_base<size_t, _StrT>
    {
      [[__nodiscard__]]
      size_t
      operator()(const _StrT& __s) const noexcept
      { return _Hash_impl::hash(__s.data(), __s.length() * sizeof(_CharT)); }
    };
 
#ifndef _GLIBCXX_COMPATIBILITY_CXX0X
  /// std::hash specialization for string.
  template<typename _Alloc>
    struct hash<basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, _Alloc>>
    : public __str_hash_base<char, _Alloc>
    { };
 
  /// std::hash specialization for wstring.
  template<typename _Alloc>
    struct hash<basic_string<wchar_t, char_traits<wchar_t>, _Alloc>>
    : public __str_hash_base<wchar_t, _Alloc>
    { };
 
  template<typename _Alloc>
    struct __is_fast_hash<hash<basic_string<wchar_t, char_traits<wchar_t>,
                                            _Alloc>>>
    : std::false_type
    { };
#endif /* _GLIBCXX_COMPATIBILITY_CXX0X */
 
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
  /// std::hash specialization for u8string.
  template<typename _Alloc>
    struct hash<basic_string<char8_t, char_traits<char8_t>, _Alloc>>
    : public __str_hash_base<char8_t, _Alloc>
    { };
#endif
 
  /// std::hash specialization for u16string.
  template<typename _Alloc>
    struct hash<basic_string<char16_t, char_traits<char16_t>, _Alloc>>
    : public __str_hash_base<char16_t, _Alloc>
    { };
 
  /// std::hash specialization for u32string.
  template<typename _Alloc>
    struct hash<basic_string<char32_t, char_traits<char32_t>, _Alloc>>
    : public __str_hash_base<char32_t, _Alloc>
    { };
 
#if ! _GLIBCXX_INLINE_VERSION
  // PR libstdc++/105907 - __is_fast_hash affects unordered container ABI.
  template<> struct __is_fast_hash<hash<string>> : std::false_type { };
  template<> struct __is_fast_hash<hash<wstring>> : std::false_type { };
  template<> struct __is_fast_hash<hash<u16string>> : std::false_type { };
  template<> struct __is_fast_hash<hash<u32string>> : std::false_type { };
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
  template<> struct __is_fast_hash<hash<u8string>> : std::false_type { };
#endif
#else
  // For versioned namespace, assume every std::hash<basic_string<>> is slow.
  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
    struct __is_fast_hash<hash<basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>>>
    : std::false_type
    { };
#endif
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_string_udls // C++ >= 14
  inline namespace literals
  {
  inline namespace string_literals
  {
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wliteral-suffix"
 
#if __glibcxx_constexpr_string >= 201907L
# define _GLIBCXX_STRING_CONSTEXPR constexpr
#else
# define _GLIBCXX_STRING_CONSTEXPR
#endif
 
    _GLIBCXX_DEFAULT_ABI_TAG _GLIBCXX_STRING_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<char>
    operator""s(const char* __str, size_t __len)
    { return basic_string<char>{__str, __len}; }
 
    _GLIBCXX_DEFAULT_ABI_TAG _GLIBCXX_STRING_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<wchar_t>
    operator""s(const wchar_t* __str, size_t __len)
    { return basic_string<wchar_t>{__str, __len}; }
 
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
    _GLIBCXX_DEFAULT_ABI_TAG _GLIBCXX_STRING_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<char8_t>
    operator""s(const char8_t* __str, size_t __len)
    { return basic_string<char8_t>{__str, __len}; }
#endif
 
    _GLIBCXX_DEFAULT_ABI_TAG _GLIBCXX_STRING_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<char16_t>
    operator""s(const char16_t* __str, size_t __len)
    { return basic_string<char16_t>{__str, __len}; }
 
    _GLIBCXX_DEFAULT_ABI_TAG _GLIBCXX_STRING_CONSTEXPR
    inline basic_string<char32_t>
    operator""s(const char32_t* __str, size_t __len)
    { return basic_string<char32_t>{__str, __len}; }
 
#undef _GLIBCXX_STRING_CONSTEXPR
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
  } // inline namespace string_literals
  } // inline namespace literals
#endif // __glibcxx_string_udls
 
#ifdef __glibcxx_variant // >= C++17
  namespace __detail::__variant
  {
    template<typename> struct _Never_valueless_alt; // see <variant>
 
    // Provide the strong exception-safety guarantee when emplacing a
    // basic_string into a variant, but only if moving the string cannot throw.
    template<typename _Tp, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
      struct _Never_valueless_alt<std::basic_string<_Tp, _Traits, _Alloc>>
      : __and_<
        is_nothrow_move_constructible<std::basic_string<_Tp, _Traits, _Alloc>>,
        is_nothrow_move_assignable<std::basic_string<_Tp, _Traits, _Alloc>>
        >::type
      { };
  }  // namespace __detail::__variant
#endif // C++17
 
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace std
 
#endif // C++11
 
#endif /* _BASIC_STRING_H */